Virulence Factors of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile Linked to Recurrent Infections
From 20 to 30% of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection (CDI), patients might develop recurrence of the infection (RCDI) and, after the first recurrence, the risk of further episodes increases up to 60%. Several bacterial virulence factors have been associated with RCDI, including the ele...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Wiley
2019-01-01
|
| Series: | Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7127850 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1832560835169353728 |
|---|---|
| author | Laura Tijerina-Rodríguez Licet Villarreal-Treviño Rayo Morfín-Otero Adrián Camacho-Ortíz E. Garza-González |
| author_facet | Laura Tijerina-Rodríguez Licet Villarreal-Treviño Rayo Morfín-Otero Adrián Camacho-Ortíz E. Garza-González |
| author_sort | Laura Tijerina-Rodríguez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | From 20 to 30% of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection (CDI), patients might develop recurrence of the infection (RCDI) and, after the first recurrence, the risk of further episodes increases up to 60%. Several bacterial virulence factors have been associated with RCDI, including the elevated production of toxins A and B, the presence of a binary toxin CDT, and mutations in the negative regulator of toxin expression, tcdC. Additional factors have shown to regulate toxin production and virulence in C. difficile in RCDI, including the accessory-gene regulator agr, which acts as a positive switch for toxin transcription. Furthermore, adhesion and motility-associated factors, such as Cwp84, SlpA, and flagella, have shown to increase the adhesion efficiency to host epithelia, cell internalization, and the formation of biofilm. Finally, biofilm confers to C. difficile protection from antibiotics and acts as a reservoir for spores that allow the persistence of the infection in the host. In this review, we describe the key virulence factors of C. difficile that have been associated with recurrent infections. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d3966066faa54b5e98b0decd4a49468e |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1712-9532 1918-1493 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2019-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj-art-d3966066faa54b5e98b0decd4a49468e2025-02-03T01:26:36ZengWileyCanadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology1712-95321918-14932019-01-01201910.1155/2019/71278507127850Virulence Factors of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile Linked to Recurrent InfectionsLaura Tijerina-Rodríguez0Licet Villarreal-Treviño1Rayo Morfín-Otero2Adrián Camacho-Ortíz3E. Garza-González4Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, MexicoDepartamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, MexicoCentro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde” e Instituto de Patología Infecciosa y Experimental, Guadalajara, MexicoHospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, MexicoHospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, MexicoFrom 20 to 30% of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection (CDI), patients might develop recurrence of the infection (RCDI) and, after the first recurrence, the risk of further episodes increases up to 60%. Several bacterial virulence factors have been associated with RCDI, including the elevated production of toxins A and B, the presence of a binary toxin CDT, and mutations in the negative regulator of toxin expression, tcdC. Additional factors have shown to regulate toxin production and virulence in C. difficile in RCDI, including the accessory-gene regulator agr, which acts as a positive switch for toxin transcription. Furthermore, adhesion and motility-associated factors, such as Cwp84, SlpA, and flagella, have shown to increase the adhesion efficiency to host epithelia, cell internalization, and the formation of biofilm. Finally, biofilm confers to C. difficile protection from antibiotics and acts as a reservoir for spores that allow the persistence of the infection in the host. In this review, we describe the key virulence factors of C. difficile that have been associated with recurrent infections.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7127850 |
| spellingShingle | Laura Tijerina-Rodríguez Licet Villarreal-Treviño Rayo Morfín-Otero Adrián Camacho-Ortíz E. Garza-González Virulence Factors of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile Linked to Recurrent Infections Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology |
| title | Virulence Factors of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile Linked to Recurrent Infections |
| title_full | Virulence Factors of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile Linked to Recurrent Infections |
| title_fullStr | Virulence Factors of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile Linked to Recurrent Infections |
| title_full_unstemmed | Virulence Factors of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile Linked to Recurrent Infections |
| title_short | Virulence Factors of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile Linked to Recurrent Infections |
| title_sort | virulence factors of clostridioides clostridium difficile linked to recurrent infections |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7127850 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lauratijerinarodriguez virulencefactorsofclostridioidesclostridiumdifficilelinkedtorecurrentinfections AT licetvillarrealtrevino virulencefactorsofclostridioidesclostridiumdifficilelinkedtorecurrentinfections AT rayomorfinotero virulencefactorsofclostridioidesclostridiumdifficilelinkedtorecurrentinfections AT adriancamachoortiz virulencefactorsofclostridioidesclostridiumdifficilelinkedtorecurrentinfections AT egarzagonzalez virulencefactorsofclostridioidesclostridiumdifficilelinkedtorecurrentinfections |