Heavy Metal Stress and Some Mechanisms of Plant Defense Response
Unprecedented bioaccumulation and biomagnification of heavy metals (HMs) in the environment have become a dilemma for all living organisms including plants. HMs at toxic levels have the capability to interact with several vital cellular biomolecules such as nuclear proteins and DNA, leading to exces...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2015-01-01
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| Series: | The Scientific World Journal |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/756120 |
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| author | Abolghassem Emamverdian Yulong Ding Farzad Mokhberdoran Yinfeng Xie |
| author_facet | Abolghassem Emamverdian Yulong Ding Farzad Mokhberdoran Yinfeng Xie |
| author_sort | Abolghassem Emamverdian |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Unprecedented bioaccumulation and biomagnification of heavy metals (HMs) in the environment have become a dilemma for all living organisms including plants. HMs at toxic levels have the capability to interact with several vital cellular biomolecules such as nuclear proteins and DNA, leading to excessive augmentation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This would inflict serious morphological, metabolic, and physiological anomalies in plants ranging from chlorosis of shoot to lipid peroxidation and protein degradation. In response, plants are equipped with a repertoire of mechanisms to counteract heavy metal (HM) toxicity. The key elements of these are chelating metals by forming phytochelatins (PCs) or metallothioneins (MTs) metal complex at the intra- and intercellular level, which is followed by the removal of HM ions from sensitive sites or vacuolar sequestration of ligand-metal complex. Nonenzymatically synthesized compounds such as proline (Pro) are able to strengthen metal-detoxification capacity of intracellular antioxidant enzymes. Another important additive component of plant defense system is symbiotic association with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. AM can effectively immobilize HMs and reduce their uptake by host plants via binding metal ions to hyphal cell wall and excreting several extracellular biomolecules. Additionally, AM fungi can enhance activities of antioxidant defense machinery of plants. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d2f687298532488fba43003b350d8889 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2356-6140 1537-744X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2015-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Scientific World Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-d2f687298532488fba43003b350d88892025-02-03T00:59:18ZengWileyThe Scientific World Journal2356-61401537-744X2015-01-01201510.1155/2015/756120756120Heavy Metal Stress and Some Mechanisms of Plant Defense ResponseAbolghassem Emamverdian0Yulong Ding1Farzad Mokhberdoran2Yinfeng Xie3Center of Modern Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaCenter of Modern Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Mashhad 9187147578, IranCenter of Modern Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaUnprecedented bioaccumulation and biomagnification of heavy metals (HMs) in the environment have become a dilemma for all living organisms including plants. HMs at toxic levels have the capability to interact with several vital cellular biomolecules such as nuclear proteins and DNA, leading to excessive augmentation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This would inflict serious morphological, metabolic, and physiological anomalies in plants ranging from chlorosis of shoot to lipid peroxidation and protein degradation. In response, plants are equipped with a repertoire of mechanisms to counteract heavy metal (HM) toxicity. The key elements of these are chelating metals by forming phytochelatins (PCs) or metallothioneins (MTs) metal complex at the intra- and intercellular level, which is followed by the removal of HM ions from sensitive sites or vacuolar sequestration of ligand-metal complex. Nonenzymatically synthesized compounds such as proline (Pro) are able to strengthen metal-detoxification capacity of intracellular antioxidant enzymes. Another important additive component of plant defense system is symbiotic association with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. AM can effectively immobilize HMs and reduce their uptake by host plants via binding metal ions to hyphal cell wall and excreting several extracellular biomolecules. Additionally, AM fungi can enhance activities of antioxidant defense machinery of plants.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/756120 |
| spellingShingle | Abolghassem Emamverdian Yulong Ding Farzad Mokhberdoran Yinfeng Xie Heavy Metal Stress and Some Mechanisms of Plant Defense Response The Scientific World Journal |
| title | Heavy Metal Stress and Some Mechanisms of Plant Defense Response |
| title_full | Heavy Metal Stress and Some Mechanisms of Plant Defense Response |
| title_fullStr | Heavy Metal Stress and Some Mechanisms of Plant Defense Response |
| title_full_unstemmed | Heavy Metal Stress and Some Mechanisms of Plant Defense Response |
| title_short | Heavy Metal Stress and Some Mechanisms of Plant Defense Response |
| title_sort | heavy metal stress and some mechanisms of plant defense response |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/756120 |
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