Salicylic Acid Improved the Growth of <i>Dunaliella salina</i> and Increased the Proportion of <i>9-cis</i>-β-Carotene Isomers
<i>Dunaliella salina</i> is an important source of natural β-carotene (containing <i>9-cis</i> and <i>all trans</i> isomers) for industrial production. The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) has been proven to have impacts on the stress resistance of higher plants,...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Shuaicheng Xiang Xiaoting Qiu Xiaojun Yan Roger Ruan Pengfei Cheng |
| author_facet | Shuaicheng Xiang Xiaoting Qiu Xiaojun Yan Roger Ruan Pengfei Cheng |
| author_sort | Shuaicheng Xiang |
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| description | <i>Dunaliella salina</i> is an important source of natural β-carotene (containing <i>9-cis</i> and <i>all trans</i> isomers) for industrial production. The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) has been proven to have impacts on the stress resistance of higher plants, but research on microalgae is currently unclear. In this study, the effects of SA on the growth, biochemical composition, antioxidant enzyme activity, key enzymes of β-carotene synthesis, and cis-and trans-isomers of β-carotene in <i>D. salina</i> under different salt concentrations were investigated. The results were shown that at concentrations of 1.5, 2, and 2.5 M NaCl, the antioxidant enzyme activity and key enzymes for β-carotene synthesis in algal cells were significantly increased, but the content and proportion of <i>9-cis</i> isomer in β-carotene isomers decreased. The addition of SA significantly increased the growth and antioxidant enzyme (SOD, MDA) activity, as well as the synthesis of key enzyme phytoene synthase (PSY), phytoene desaturase (PDS), and lycopene β cyclase (LCYB) of <i>D. salina</i> under high-salinity conditions. It is worth noting that under the treatment of SA, the proportion of <i>9-cis</i> isomer in the three salt concentrations (1.5, 2, 2.5 M NaCl) significantly increased by 32.09%, 20.30%, and 11.32%, respectively. Moreover, SA can not only improve the salt tolerance of <i>D. salina</i>, but also increase the proportion of <i>9-cis</i> isomer, with higher physiological activity in β-carotene, thereby enhancing the application value of <i>D. salina</i>. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d16127ed71054d41a7542cdbd11ee47b |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1660-3397 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj-art-d16127ed71054d41a7542cdbd11ee47b2025-01-24T13:39:29ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972025-01-012311810.3390/md23010018Salicylic Acid Improved the Growth of <i>Dunaliella salina</i> and Increased the Proportion of <i>9-cis</i>-β-Carotene IsomersShuaicheng Xiang0Xiaoting Qiu1Xiaojun Yan2Roger Ruan3Pengfei Cheng4College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, ChinaCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, ChinaSchool of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, ChinaCenter for Biorefining, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USACollege of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China<i>Dunaliella salina</i> is an important source of natural β-carotene (containing <i>9-cis</i> and <i>all trans</i> isomers) for industrial production. The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) has been proven to have impacts on the stress resistance of higher plants, but research on microalgae is currently unclear. In this study, the effects of SA on the growth, biochemical composition, antioxidant enzyme activity, key enzymes of β-carotene synthesis, and cis-and trans-isomers of β-carotene in <i>D. salina</i> under different salt concentrations were investigated. The results were shown that at concentrations of 1.5, 2, and 2.5 M NaCl, the antioxidant enzyme activity and key enzymes for β-carotene synthesis in algal cells were significantly increased, but the content and proportion of <i>9-cis</i> isomer in β-carotene isomers decreased. The addition of SA significantly increased the growth and antioxidant enzyme (SOD, MDA) activity, as well as the synthesis of key enzyme phytoene synthase (PSY), phytoene desaturase (PDS), and lycopene β cyclase (LCYB) of <i>D. salina</i> under high-salinity conditions. It is worth noting that under the treatment of SA, the proportion of <i>9-cis</i> isomer in the three salt concentrations (1.5, 2, 2.5 M NaCl) significantly increased by 32.09%, 20.30%, and 11.32%, respectively. Moreover, SA can not only improve the salt tolerance of <i>D. salina</i>, but also increase the proportion of <i>9-cis</i> isomer, with higher physiological activity in β-carotene, thereby enhancing the application value of <i>D. salina</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/23/1/18<i>Dunaliella salina</i>salicylic acidβ–carotene<i>9-cis</i> isomersalt tolerance |
| spellingShingle | Shuaicheng Xiang Xiaoting Qiu Xiaojun Yan Roger Ruan Pengfei Cheng Salicylic Acid Improved the Growth of <i>Dunaliella salina</i> and Increased the Proportion of <i>9-cis</i>-β-Carotene Isomers Marine Drugs <i>Dunaliella salina</i> salicylic acid β–carotene <i>9-cis</i> isomer salt tolerance |
| title | Salicylic Acid Improved the Growth of <i>Dunaliella salina</i> and Increased the Proportion of <i>9-cis</i>-β-Carotene Isomers |
| title_full | Salicylic Acid Improved the Growth of <i>Dunaliella salina</i> and Increased the Proportion of <i>9-cis</i>-β-Carotene Isomers |
| title_fullStr | Salicylic Acid Improved the Growth of <i>Dunaliella salina</i> and Increased the Proportion of <i>9-cis</i>-β-Carotene Isomers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Salicylic Acid Improved the Growth of <i>Dunaliella salina</i> and Increased the Proportion of <i>9-cis</i>-β-Carotene Isomers |
| title_short | Salicylic Acid Improved the Growth of <i>Dunaliella salina</i> and Increased the Proportion of <i>9-cis</i>-β-Carotene Isomers |
| title_sort | salicylic acid improved the growth of i dunaliella salina i and increased the proportion of i 9 cis i β carotene isomers |
| topic | <i>Dunaliella salina</i> salicylic acid β–carotene <i>9-cis</i> isomer salt tolerance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/23/1/18 |
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