Risk Factors and Circulating Subtypes of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. and <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> in Hospitalized Children in Mozambique
<i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. and <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> are important diarrheal agents in children in developing countries. Little is known about their molecular epidemiology; as such, the objective of this study was to determine the risk factors and genetic diversity of bo...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Ofélia Nhambirre Maria Luísa Lobo Idalécia Cossa-Moiane Adilson Bauhofer Nilsa de Deus Olga Matos |
| author_facet | Ofélia Nhambirre Maria Luísa Lobo Idalécia Cossa-Moiane Adilson Bauhofer Nilsa de Deus Olga Matos |
| author_sort | Ofélia Nhambirre |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. and <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> are important diarrheal agents in children in developing countries. Little is known about their molecular epidemiology; as such, the objective of this study was to determine the risk factors and genetic diversity of both parasites in diarrheal samples in Mozambique. In this study, two nested PCRs targeting <i>ssurRNA</i> and <i>gp60</i> genes were used for genetic diversity of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. and <i>b-giardin</i> for <i>G. duodenalis</i>. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were obtained through questionnaires. The location (odds ratio [OR] 3.499), mother’s education level (OR 2.150) and age were significant factors for acquiring infection by <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. (<i>p</i> < 0.05). <i>Cryptosporidium hominis</i> was the predominant (77.8%) species. Four families (three <i>C. hominis</i> and one <i>C. parvum</i>) were identified, with the highest for Ib (73.9%), followed by Id (13%), Ia (8.7%) and IIc (4.3%). The location (<i>p</i>-value < 0.001), drinking untreated water (<i>p</i>-value = 0.04) and living in masonry houses (<i>p</i>-value = 0.002) were identified as risks associated with <i>G. duodenalis</i> infection. Assemblage A was the dominant type (65.2%). Among the subassemblages of assemblage A, AII was the most frequent (86.6%), followed by AIII (6.6%). For assemblage B, subassemblages BIII (87.5%) and BIV (12.5%) were identified. The dominance of the subtype IbA9G3 of <i>C. hominis</i>, as well as the AII subassemblage of <i>G. duodenalis</i>, seems to indicate that the transmission of both protozoa occurs mainly through the anthroponotic route. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d03c0d0a2eb6491488044483e0a8da86 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj-art-d03c0d0a2eb6491488044483e0a8da862025-01-24T13:43:00ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072025-01-0113119610.3390/microorganisms13010196Risk Factors and Circulating Subtypes of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. and <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> in Hospitalized Children in MozambiqueOfélia Nhambirre0Maria Luísa Lobo1Idalécia Cossa-Moiane2Adilson Bauhofer3Nilsa de Deus4Olga Matos5Unidade de Parasitologia Médica, Grupo de Parasitas Oportunistas/VIH e Outros Parasitas, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, PortugalUnidade de Parasitologia Médica, Grupo de Parasitas Oportunistas/VIH e Outros Parasitas, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, PortugalInstituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela n°3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, MozambiqueInstituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela n°3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, MozambiqueInstituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela n°3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, MozambiqueUnidade de Parasitologia Médica, Grupo de Parasitas Oportunistas/VIH e Outros Parasitas, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal<i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. and <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> are important diarrheal agents in children in developing countries. Little is known about their molecular epidemiology; as such, the objective of this study was to determine the risk factors and genetic diversity of both parasites in diarrheal samples in Mozambique. In this study, two nested PCRs targeting <i>ssurRNA</i> and <i>gp60</i> genes were used for genetic diversity of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. and <i>b-giardin</i> for <i>G. duodenalis</i>. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were obtained through questionnaires. The location (odds ratio [OR] 3.499), mother’s education level (OR 2.150) and age were significant factors for acquiring infection by <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. (<i>p</i> < 0.05). <i>Cryptosporidium hominis</i> was the predominant (77.8%) species. Four families (three <i>C. hominis</i> and one <i>C. parvum</i>) were identified, with the highest for Ib (73.9%), followed by Id (13%), Ia (8.7%) and IIc (4.3%). The location (<i>p</i>-value < 0.001), drinking untreated water (<i>p</i>-value = 0.04) and living in masonry houses (<i>p</i>-value = 0.002) were identified as risks associated with <i>G. duodenalis</i> infection. Assemblage A was the dominant type (65.2%). Among the subassemblages of assemblage A, AII was the most frequent (86.6%), followed by AIII (6.6%). For assemblage B, subassemblages BIII (87.5%) and BIV (12.5%) were identified. The dominance of the subtype IbA9G3 of <i>C. hominis</i>, as well as the AII subassemblage of <i>G. duodenalis</i>, seems to indicate that the transmission of both protozoa occurs mainly through the anthroponotic route.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/1/196<i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp.<i>Giardia duodenalis</i>diarrheachildrenMozambique |
| spellingShingle | Ofélia Nhambirre Maria Luísa Lobo Idalécia Cossa-Moiane Adilson Bauhofer Nilsa de Deus Olga Matos Risk Factors and Circulating Subtypes of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. and <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> in Hospitalized Children in Mozambique Microorganisms <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> diarrhea children Mozambique |
| title | Risk Factors and Circulating Subtypes of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. and <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> in Hospitalized Children in Mozambique |
| title_full | Risk Factors and Circulating Subtypes of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. and <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> in Hospitalized Children in Mozambique |
| title_fullStr | Risk Factors and Circulating Subtypes of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. and <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> in Hospitalized Children in Mozambique |
| title_full_unstemmed | Risk Factors and Circulating Subtypes of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. and <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> in Hospitalized Children in Mozambique |
| title_short | Risk Factors and Circulating Subtypes of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. and <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> in Hospitalized Children in Mozambique |
| title_sort | risk factors and circulating subtypes of i cryptosporidium i spp and i giardia duodenalis i in hospitalized children in mozambique |
| topic | <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> diarrhea children Mozambique |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/1/196 |
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