Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine with Graphene Oxide Carbon Dots Modified Electrodes
In this work, the influence of surface functionalization due to synthesis conditions of graphene oxide quantum dots GOQDs was evaluated for dopamine (DA) detection. GOQDs were synthesized using HNO<sub>3</sub> (6 M or 8 M) through a liquid-phase oxidation method. The characterization (HR...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Omar Isaac Torres-Soto Alejandro Vega-Rios Rocio B. Dominguez Velia Osuna |
| author_facet | Omar Isaac Torres-Soto Alejandro Vega-Rios Rocio B. Dominguez Velia Osuna |
| author_sort | Omar Isaac Torres-Soto |
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| description | In this work, the influence of surface functionalization due to synthesis conditions of graphene oxide quantum dots GOQDs was evaluated for dopamine (DA) detection. GOQDs were synthesized using HNO<sub>3</sub> (6 M or 8 M) through a liquid-phase oxidation method. The characterization (HRTEM, FTIR, Raman, and XRD) and evaluation by amperometry (AMP) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) showed that GOQDs-8 synthesized with higher oxygen content were more sensitive and selective in DA detection than GOQDs-6. The synergistic effects of electrostatic attraction from glassy carbon electrode negatively charged surface, functionalization for inner-sphere mechanism, and edge effect from lower particle size resulted in amplified electrochemical signal achieving detection at nanomolar level using AMP and DPV. When evaluated using AMP, GCE/GOQDs-8 showed a sensitivity of 0.0422 μA μM<sup>–1</sup>, a limit of detection (LOD) of 17.6 nM, a linear range from 0.1 to 100 μM, and minimal interference for uric acid, levodopa, and acetaminophen. In contrast, using DPV, the GCE/GOQDs-8 exhibited a sensitivity of 0.0616 μA μM<sup>–1</sup>, a LOD of 506 nM, and a linear range from 0.1–30 μM with remarkable selectivity from all interferent species. The assay of GOQDs-8/GCE sensor in normal human serum proved to be feasible for the practical determination of DA. The recovery obtained was in the range of 94.1 to 112.8% with a relative standard deviation (RSD), n = 3 of less than 3.62%. The oxygen-rich material showed a promising performance that can be further improved with additional nanocarbon or conducting polymers supports. |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| series | Chemosensors |
| spelling | doaj-art-cf6caa264c6940e78ea0671ce820b6fd2025-01-24T13:26:52ZengMDPI AGChemosensors2227-90402025-01-01131710.3390/chemosensors13010007Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine with Graphene Oxide Carbon Dots Modified ElectrodesOmar Isaac Torres-Soto0Alejandro Vega-Rios1Rocio B. Dominguez2Velia Osuna3Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. (CIMAV), Miguel de Cervantes #120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31136, MexicoCentro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. (CIMAV), Miguel de Cervantes #120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31136, MexicoCONAHCyT-CIMAV, Miguel de Cervantes #120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31136, MexicoCONAHCyT-CIMAV, Miguel de Cervantes #120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31136, MexicoIn this work, the influence of surface functionalization due to synthesis conditions of graphene oxide quantum dots GOQDs was evaluated for dopamine (DA) detection. GOQDs were synthesized using HNO<sub>3</sub> (6 M or 8 M) through a liquid-phase oxidation method. The characterization (HRTEM, FTIR, Raman, and XRD) and evaluation by amperometry (AMP) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) showed that GOQDs-8 synthesized with higher oxygen content were more sensitive and selective in DA detection than GOQDs-6. The synergistic effects of electrostatic attraction from glassy carbon electrode negatively charged surface, functionalization for inner-sphere mechanism, and edge effect from lower particle size resulted in amplified electrochemical signal achieving detection at nanomolar level using AMP and DPV. When evaluated using AMP, GCE/GOQDs-8 showed a sensitivity of 0.0422 μA μM<sup>–1</sup>, a limit of detection (LOD) of 17.6 nM, a linear range from 0.1 to 100 μM, and minimal interference for uric acid, levodopa, and acetaminophen. In contrast, using DPV, the GCE/GOQDs-8 exhibited a sensitivity of 0.0616 μA μM<sup>–1</sup>, a LOD of 506 nM, and a linear range from 0.1–30 μM with remarkable selectivity from all interferent species. The assay of GOQDs-8/GCE sensor in normal human serum proved to be feasible for the practical determination of DA. The recovery obtained was in the range of 94.1 to 112.8% with a relative standard deviation (RSD), n = 3 of less than 3.62%. The oxygen-rich material showed a promising performance that can be further improved with additional nanocarbon or conducting polymers supports.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/13/1/7dopamineelectrochemical sensorgraphene oxide quantum dotsoxygen functionalization |
| spellingShingle | Omar Isaac Torres-Soto Alejandro Vega-Rios Rocio B. Dominguez Velia Osuna Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine with Graphene Oxide Carbon Dots Modified Electrodes Chemosensors dopamine electrochemical sensor graphene oxide quantum dots oxygen functionalization |
| title | Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine with Graphene Oxide Carbon Dots Modified Electrodes |
| title_full | Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine with Graphene Oxide Carbon Dots Modified Electrodes |
| title_fullStr | Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine with Graphene Oxide Carbon Dots Modified Electrodes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine with Graphene Oxide Carbon Dots Modified Electrodes |
| title_short | Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine with Graphene Oxide Carbon Dots Modified Electrodes |
| title_sort | electrochemical detection of dopamine with graphene oxide carbon dots modified electrodes |
| topic | dopamine electrochemical sensor graphene oxide quantum dots oxygen functionalization |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/13/1/7 |
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