HIV RNA Suppression and Immune Restoration: Can We Do Better?
HAART has significantly changed the natural history of HIV infection: patients receiving antiretrovirals are usually able to control viremia, even though not all virological responders adequately recover their CD4+ count. The reasons for poor immune restoration are only partially known and they incl...
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2012-01-01
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| Series: | Clinical and Developmental Immunology |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/515962 |
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| _version_ | 1832552259943137280 |
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| author | Marilia Rita Pinzone Michelino Di Rosa Bruno Cacopardo Giuseppe Nunnari |
| author_facet | Marilia Rita Pinzone Michelino Di Rosa Bruno Cacopardo Giuseppe Nunnari |
| author_sort | Marilia Rita Pinzone |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | HAART has significantly changed the natural history of HIV infection: patients receiving antiretrovirals are usually able to control viremia, even though not all virological responders adequately recover their CD4+ count. The reasons for poor immune restoration are only partially known and they include genetic, demographic and immunologic factors. A crucial element affecting immune recovery is immune activation, related to residual viremia; indeed, a suboptimal virological control (i.e., low levels of plasma HIV RNA) has been related with higher levels of chronic inflammation and all-cause mortality. The sources of residual viremia are not yet completely known, even though the most important one is represented by latently infected cells. Several methods, including 2-LTR HIV DNA and unspliced HIV RNA measurement, have been developed to estimate residual viremia and predict the outcome of antiretroviral therapy. Considering that poor immunologic responders are exposed to a higher risk of both AIDS-related and non-AIDS-related diseases, there is a need of new therapeutic strategies, including immunomodulators and drugs targeting the latent viral reservoirs, in order to face residual viremia but also to “drive” the host immunologic responses. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-cf5d7de5f1694234a0a8565f5534c73f |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1740-2522 1740-2530 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2012-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Clinical and Developmental Immunology |
| spelling | doaj-art-cf5d7de5f1694234a0a8565f5534c73f2025-02-03T05:59:10ZengWileyClinical and Developmental Immunology1740-25221740-25302012-01-01201210.1155/2012/515962515962HIV RNA Suppression and Immune Restoration: Can We Do Better?Marilia Rita Pinzone0Michelino Di Rosa1Bruno Cacopardo2Giuseppe Nunnari3Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Catania, Catania 95125, ItalyDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Catania, Catania 95125, ItalyDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Catania, Catania 95125, ItalyDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Catania, Catania 95125, ItalyHAART has significantly changed the natural history of HIV infection: patients receiving antiretrovirals are usually able to control viremia, even though not all virological responders adequately recover their CD4+ count. The reasons for poor immune restoration are only partially known and they include genetic, demographic and immunologic factors. A crucial element affecting immune recovery is immune activation, related to residual viremia; indeed, a suboptimal virological control (i.e., low levels of plasma HIV RNA) has been related with higher levels of chronic inflammation and all-cause mortality. The sources of residual viremia are not yet completely known, even though the most important one is represented by latently infected cells. Several methods, including 2-LTR HIV DNA and unspliced HIV RNA measurement, have been developed to estimate residual viremia and predict the outcome of antiretroviral therapy. Considering that poor immunologic responders are exposed to a higher risk of both AIDS-related and non-AIDS-related diseases, there is a need of new therapeutic strategies, including immunomodulators and drugs targeting the latent viral reservoirs, in order to face residual viremia but also to “drive” the host immunologic responses.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/515962 |
| spellingShingle | Marilia Rita Pinzone Michelino Di Rosa Bruno Cacopardo Giuseppe Nunnari HIV RNA Suppression and Immune Restoration: Can We Do Better? Clinical and Developmental Immunology |
| title | HIV RNA Suppression and Immune Restoration: Can We Do Better? |
| title_full | HIV RNA Suppression and Immune Restoration: Can We Do Better? |
| title_fullStr | HIV RNA Suppression and Immune Restoration: Can We Do Better? |
| title_full_unstemmed | HIV RNA Suppression and Immune Restoration: Can We Do Better? |
| title_short | HIV RNA Suppression and Immune Restoration: Can We Do Better? |
| title_sort | hiv rna suppression and immune restoration can we do better |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/515962 |
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