Palladium-supported Fe3O4@SiO2 functionalized methyl 2-phenyl thioacetate as a sustainable catalyst for Isatins synthesis

Abstract The researchers have actively developed sustainable catalysis processes, placing a strong emphasis on heterogeneous catalysts to reduce the use of toxic solvents and reagents, as well as to mitigate hazardous reactions and streamline time-consuming separations, over the past two decades. Pr...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Abolfazl Mohammadkhani, Reza Samizad, Akbar Heydari
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-05-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-00775-z
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Summary:Abstract The researchers have actively developed sustainable catalysis processes, placing a strong emphasis on heterogeneous catalysts to reduce the use of toxic solvents and reagents, as well as to mitigate hazardous reactions and streamline time-consuming separations, over the past two decades. Preserving active sites has become a critical focus area during this period. This study centered on synthesizing and evaluating Fe3O4@SiO2-SD@Pd, assessing its efficacy and reusability. A comprehensive suite of characterization techniques was employed, including FT-IR, TGA, FE-SEM, VSM, TEM, BET, ICP, EDS, mapping, and XRD. The results demonstrate that Fe3O4@SiO2-SD@Pd is effective for both Isatin Heck, C-H activation, and cycloaddition reactions under moderate conditions, yielding between 78% and 88%. Notably, this catalyst exhibits simultaneous activity in both reactions within a DMF-H₂O solvent mixture at lower temperatures. The mercury poisoning test confirmed that the reaction proceeds via the Pd (0)/Pd (+2) mechanism. Furthermore, the catalyst is environmentally benign and retains its efficiency over five reuse cycles without significant loss.
ISSN:2045-2322