Airborne Mapping of Atmospheric Ammonia in a Mixed Discrete and Diffuse Emission Environment
Airborne longwave-infrared (LWIR) hyperspectral imagery acquisitions were coordinated with stationary and mobile ground-based in situ measurements of atmospheric ammonia in regions surrounding California’s Salton Sea, an area of commingled intensive animal husbandry and agriculture operations that i...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/1/95 |
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| author | David M. Tratt Clement S. Chang Eric R. Keim Kerry N. Buckland Morad Alvarez Olga Kalashnikova Sina Hasheminassab Michael J. Garay Yaning Miao William C. Porter Francesca M. Hopkins Payam Pakbin Mohammad Sowlat |
| author_facet | David M. Tratt Clement S. Chang Eric R. Keim Kerry N. Buckland Morad Alvarez Olga Kalashnikova Sina Hasheminassab Michael J. Garay Yaning Miao William C. Porter Francesca M. Hopkins Payam Pakbin Mohammad Sowlat |
| author_sort | David M. Tratt |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Airborne longwave-infrared (LWIR) hyperspectral imagery acquisitions were coordinated with stationary and mobile ground-based in situ measurements of atmospheric ammonia in regions surrounding California’s Salton Sea, an area of commingled intensive animal husbandry and agriculture operations that is encumbered by exceptionally high levels of persistent ammonia and PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution. The goal of this study was to validate remotely sensed ammonia retrievals against ground truth measurements as part of a broader effort to elucidate the behavior of the atmospheric ammonia burden in this area of abundant diffuse and point sources. The nominal 2 m pixel size of the airborne data revealed variability in ammonia concentrations at a diversity of scales within the study area. At this pixel resolution, ammonia plumes emitted by individual facilities could be clearly discriminated and their dispersion characteristics inferred. Several factors, including thermal contrast and atmospheric boundary layer depth, contributed to the overall uncertainty of the intercomparison between airborne ammonia quantitative retrievals and the corresponding in situ measurements, for which agreement was in the 16–37% range under the most favorable conditions. Hence, while the findings attest to the viability of airborne LWIR spectral imaging for quantifying atmospheric ammonia concentrations, the accuracy of ground-level estimations depends significantly on precise knowledge of these atmospheric factors. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-cf0cd1a9dfca49cc9a42e21fa56782cc |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj-art-cf0cd1a9dfca49cc9a42e21fa56782cc2025-08-20T02:36:11ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922024-12-011719510.3390/rs17010095Airborne Mapping of Atmospheric Ammonia in a Mixed Discrete and Diffuse Emission EnvironmentDavid M. Tratt0Clement S. Chang1Eric R. Keim2Kerry N. Buckland3Morad Alvarez4Olga Kalashnikova5Sina Hasheminassab6Michael J. Garay7Yaning Miao8William C. Porter9Francesca M. Hopkins10Payam Pakbin11Mohammad Sowlat12The Aerospace Corporation, Los Angeles, CA 90009, USAThe Aerospace Corporation, Los Angeles, CA 90009, USAThe Aerospace Corporation, Los Angeles, CA 90009, USAThe Aerospace Corporation, Los Angeles, CA 90009, USAThe Aerospace Corporation, Los Angeles, CA 90009, USAJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91011, USAJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91011, USAJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91011, USADepartment of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USADepartment of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USADepartment of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USASouth Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA 91765, USASouth Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA 91765, USAAirborne longwave-infrared (LWIR) hyperspectral imagery acquisitions were coordinated with stationary and mobile ground-based in situ measurements of atmospheric ammonia in regions surrounding California’s Salton Sea, an area of commingled intensive animal husbandry and agriculture operations that is encumbered by exceptionally high levels of persistent ammonia and PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution. The goal of this study was to validate remotely sensed ammonia retrievals against ground truth measurements as part of a broader effort to elucidate the behavior of the atmospheric ammonia burden in this area of abundant diffuse and point sources. The nominal 2 m pixel size of the airborne data revealed variability in ammonia concentrations at a diversity of scales within the study area. At this pixel resolution, ammonia plumes emitted by individual facilities could be clearly discriminated and their dispersion characteristics inferred. Several factors, including thermal contrast and atmospheric boundary layer depth, contributed to the overall uncertainty of the intercomparison between airborne ammonia quantitative retrievals and the corresponding in situ measurements, for which agreement was in the 16–37% range under the most favorable conditions. Hence, while the findings attest to the viability of airborne LWIR spectral imaging for quantifying atmospheric ammonia concentrations, the accuracy of ground-level estimations depends significantly on precise knowledge of these atmospheric factors.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/1/95longwave infraredairborne spectral imagingemission quantificationammonia |
| spellingShingle | David M. Tratt Clement S. Chang Eric R. Keim Kerry N. Buckland Morad Alvarez Olga Kalashnikova Sina Hasheminassab Michael J. Garay Yaning Miao William C. Porter Francesca M. Hopkins Payam Pakbin Mohammad Sowlat Airborne Mapping of Atmospheric Ammonia in a Mixed Discrete and Diffuse Emission Environment Remote Sensing longwave infrared airborne spectral imaging emission quantification ammonia |
| title | Airborne Mapping of Atmospheric Ammonia in a Mixed Discrete and Diffuse Emission Environment |
| title_full | Airborne Mapping of Atmospheric Ammonia in a Mixed Discrete and Diffuse Emission Environment |
| title_fullStr | Airborne Mapping of Atmospheric Ammonia in a Mixed Discrete and Diffuse Emission Environment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Airborne Mapping of Atmospheric Ammonia in a Mixed Discrete and Diffuse Emission Environment |
| title_short | Airborne Mapping of Atmospheric Ammonia in a Mixed Discrete and Diffuse Emission Environment |
| title_sort | airborne mapping of atmospheric ammonia in a mixed discrete and diffuse emission environment |
| topic | longwave infrared airborne spectral imaging emission quantification ammonia |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/1/95 |
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