Effect of boiling water soaking on the mechanical properties and durability of nanoclay-enhanced bamboo and glass fiber epoxy composites
Abstract Fiber-reinforced polymer composites are subjected to harsh environmental conditions over the course of their designed lifespan. Studying the aging process of fiber-reinforced polymer composites exposed to boiling water is critical for improving their durability. This study uses a hand lay-u...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87912-w |
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| author | Syed Mansoor Ahmad M. C. Gowrishankar Manjunath Shettar |
| author_facet | Syed Mansoor Ahmad M. C. Gowrishankar Manjunath Shettar |
| author_sort | Syed Mansoor Ahmad |
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| description | Abstract Fiber-reinforced polymer composites are subjected to harsh environmental conditions over the course of their designed lifespan. Studying the aging process of fiber-reinforced polymer composites exposed to boiling water is critical for improving their durability. This study uses a hand lay-up technique to fabricate composites from glass fiber, bamboo fiber, nanoclay, and epoxy. Tensile and flexural tests are conducted following ASTM standards. The % of water uptake of the boiling water-soaked specimens is measured, and the performance of the dry composites is compared with those of boiling water-soaked composites. The results show that boiling water-soaking conditions have an adverse impact on all the composites. Boiling water-soaked epoxy samples show a reduction in tensile properties by 25 and 30% and flexural properties by 18 and 22% under processes 1 and 2 of boiling water soaking, respectively, compared to dry ones. Meanwhile, for fiber-reinforced composites, the tensile properties decrease by 19 and 27%, and the flexural properties decline by 12 and 20% under processes 1 and 2 of boiling soaking, respectively. However, incorporating nanoclay enhances the tensile and flexural properties of the epoxy and the composites by 5 to 7% and 10 to 12%, respectively. The water absorption rate and the impact of boiling water-soaking on composite strength decrease with the addition of nanoclay. Additionally, nanoclay reduces the percentage of reduction in tensile properties by 17 and 26% and in flexural properties by 11 and 18% under processes 1 and 2 of boiling soaking, respectively. SEM analysis of the fracture surfaces reveals the causes of specimen failure under tensile load, with distinct differences between dry and boiling water-soaked specimens. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-cd3e69b68f94473b81278a345585b2c92025-02-02T12:24:25ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-01-0115111610.1038/s41598-025-87912-wEffect of boiling water soaking on the mechanical properties and durability of nanoclay-enhanced bamboo and glass fiber epoxy compositesSyed Mansoor Ahmad0M. C. Gowrishankar1Manjunath Shettar2Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher EducationDepartment of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher EducationDepartment of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher EducationAbstract Fiber-reinforced polymer composites are subjected to harsh environmental conditions over the course of their designed lifespan. Studying the aging process of fiber-reinforced polymer composites exposed to boiling water is critical for improving their durability. This study uses a hand lay-up technique to fabricate composites from glass fiber, bamboo fiber, nanoclay, and epoxy. Tensile and flexural tests are conducted following ASTM standards. The % of water uptake of the boiling water-soaked specimens is measured, and the performance of the dry composites is compared with those of boiling water-soaked composites. The results show that boiling water-soaking conditions have an adverse impact on all the composites. Boiling water-soaked epoxy samples show a reduction in tensile properties by 25 and 30% and flexural properties by 18 and 22% under processes 1 and 2 of boiling water soaking, respectively, compared to dry ones. Meanwhile, for fiber-reinforced composites, the tensile properties decrease by 19 and 27%, and the flexural properties decline by 12 and 20% under processes 1 and 2 of boiling soaking, respectively. However, incorporating nanoclay enhances the tensile and flexural properties of the epoxy and the composites by 5 to 7% and 10 to 12%, respectively. The water absorption rate and the impact of boiling water-soaking on composite strength decrease with the addition of nanoclay. Additionally, nanoclay reduces the percentage of reduction in tensile properties by 17 and 26% and in flexural properties by 11 and 18% under processes 1 and 2 of boiling soaking, respectively. SEM analysis of the fracture surfaces reveals the causes of specimen failure under tensile load, with distinct differences between dry and boiling water-soaked specimens.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87912-wBamboo fiberNanoclayHybridizationBoiling water-soakingMechanical properties |
| spellingShingle | Syed Mansoor Ahmad M. C. Gowrishankar Manjunath Shettar Effect of boiling water soaking on the mechanical properties and durability of nanoclay-enhanced bamboo and glass fiber epoxy composites Scientific Reports Bamboo fiber Nanoclay Hybridization Boiling water-soaking Mechanical properties |
| title | Effect of boiling water soaking on the mechanical properties and durability of nanoclay-enhanced bamboo and glass fiber epoxy composites |
| title_full | Effect of boiling water soaking on the mechanical properties and durability of nanoclay-enhanced bamboo and glass fiber epoxy composites |
| title_fullStr | Effect of boiling water soaking on the mechanical properties and durability of nanoclay-enhanced bamboo and glass fiber epoxy composites |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of boiling water soaking on the mechanical properties and durability of nanoclay-enhanced bamboo and glass fiber epoxy composites |
| title_short | Effect of boiling water soaking on the mechanical properties and durability of nanoclay-enhanced bamboo and glass fiber epoxy composites |
| title_sort | effect of boiling water soaking on the mechanical properties and durability of nanoclay enhanced bamboo and glass fiber epoxy composites |
| topic | Bamboo fiber Nanoclay Hybridization Boiling water-soaking Mechanical properties |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87912-w |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT syedmansoorahmad effectofboilingwatersoakingonthemechanicalpropertiesanddurabilityofnanoclayenhancedbambooandglassfiberepoxycomposites AT mcgowrishankar effectofboilingwatersoakingonthemechanicalpropertiesanddurabilityofnanoclayenhancedbambooandglassfiberepoxycomposites AT manjunathshettar effectofboilingwatersoakingonthemechanicalpropertiesanddurabilityofnanoclayenhancedbambooandglassfiberepoxycomposites |