In-depth Analysis of the 2022 March 28 3He-rich Solar Energetic Particle Event
On 2022 March 28, a solar eruption from active region AR 12975 produced a solar energetic particle (SEP) event observed by BepiColombo (BC; 0.57 au), STEREO-A (STA; 0.97 au), GOES (1.0 au), ACE (L1), and Wind (L1). The event was associated with an M4.0 soft X-ray flare peaking at 11:29 UTC, a Type I...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Mirko Stumpo Monica Laurenza Simone Benella Anna Milillo Christina Plainaki Matthew J. West Pietro Zucca Stas Barabash Daniel Heyner Ali Varsani Go Murakami Shyama Narendranath Alessandro Aronica H. U. Auster Lorenzo Biasiotti Alessandro Brin Luca Colasanti D. Constantinescu Elisabetta De Angelis Pier Paolo Di Bartolomeo D. Fischer Stavro Ivanovski Harald Jeszenszky Adrian Kazakov Gunter Laky Valeria Mangano Stefano Massetti Martina Moroni Alessandro Mura Livio Narici Hans Nilsson Raffaella Noschese Stefano Orsini Grace Richards I. Richter Rosanna Rispoli Beatriz Sanchez-Cano Roberto Sordini Srikar P. Tadepalli Nello Vertolli Martin Wieser Hayley Williamson |
| author_facet | Mirko Stumpo Monica Laurenza Simone Benella Anna Milillo Christina Plainaki Matthew J. West Pietro Zucca Stas Barabash Daniel Heyner Ali Varsani Go Murakami Shyama Narendranath Alessandro Aronica H. U. Auster Lorenzo Biasiotti Alessandro Brin Luca Colasanti D. Constantinescu Elisabetta De Angelis Pier Paolo Di Bartolomeo D. Fischer Stavro Ivanovski Harald Jeszenszky Adrian Kazakov Gunter Laky Valeria Mangano Stefano Massetti Martina Moroni Alessandro Mura Livio Narici Hans Nilsson Raffaella Noschese Stefano Orsini Grace Richards I. Richter Rosanna Rispoli Beatriz Sanchez-Cano Roberto Sordini Srikar P. Tadepalli Nello Vertolli Martin Wieser Hayley Williamson |
| author_sort | Mirko Stumpo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | On 2022 March 28, a solar eruption from active region AR 12975 produced a solar energetic particle (SEP) event observed by BepiColombo (BC; 0.57 au), STEREO-A (STA; 0.97 au), GOES (1.0 au), ACE (L1), and Wind (L1). The event was associated with an M4.0 soft X-ray flare peaking at 11:29 UTC, a Type III radio burst (0.1–16 MHz) at 11:24 UTC, a metric Type II radio burst (25–250 MHz) at 11:23 UTC, and a coronal mass ejection with a speed of 700 km s ^−1 . BC and STA, magnetically aligned along the same Parker spiral and well connected to the flare site (footpoint separations of 19 $\mathop{.}\limits^{\unicode{x000b0}}$ 8 and 16 $\mathop{.}\limits^{\unicode{x000b0}}$ 5, respectively), detected a gradual SEP event with remarkable impulsive characteristics, including a high ^3 He/ ^4 He ratio (0.7 at 1 MeV), elevated Fe/O ratio (∼0.5 increasing with energy), a ^3 He spectrum harder than that of other ions, and particle dropouts at BC linked to intermittent magnetic connections. Near-Earth spacecraft (44 $\mathop{.}\limits^{\unicode{x000b0}}$ 8 from the flare site) observed abundance ratios closer to coronal values, and more uniform proton/heavy-ion spectra. Our findings suggest both the contribution of particles accelerated by a quasi-parallel shock and a direct contribution from flare suprathermals, accelerated during postflare ongoing reconnection, at well connected spacecraft. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-cd32ff945aa44bb0962063d09e7c11e6 |
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| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
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| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-cd32ff945aa44bb0962063d09e7c11e62025-08-20T02:38:38ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572025-01-0198718010.3847/1538-4357/add5f1In-depth Analysis of the 2022 March 28 3He-rich Solar Energetic Particle EventMirko Stumpo0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6303-5329Monica Laurenza1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5481-4534Simone Benella2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7102-5032Anna Milillo3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0266-2556Christina Plainaki4https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1483-5052Matthew J. West5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0631-2393Pietro Zucca6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6760-797XStas Barabash7https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3396-4415Daniel Heyner8https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7894-8246Ali Varsani9https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1814-1568Go Murakami10https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2759-7682Shyama Narendranath11https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9199-4925Alessandro Aronica12https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3205-9472H. U. Auster13https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1411-217XLorenzo Biasiotti14https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6068-8682Alessandro Brin15https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2028-4293Luca Colasanti16https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1759-6344D. Constantinescu17https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8983-6415Elisabetta De Angelis18https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0537-6376Pier Paolo Di Bartolomeo19https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3056-6589D. Fischer20Stavro Ivanovski21https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8068-7695Harald Jeszenszky22Adrian Kazakov23https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6403-0266Gunter Laky24Valeria Mangano25https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9903-4053Stefano Massetti26https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7767-1334Martina Moroni27https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5651-5244Alessandro Mura28https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4552-4292Livio Narici29Hans Nilsson30https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7787-2160Raffaella Noschese31https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0502-0337Stefano Orsini32https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1049-8642Grace Richards33https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3651-7119I. Richter34https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5324-4039Rosanna Rispoli35https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8575-7712Beatriz Sanchez-Cano36https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0277-3253Roberto Sordini37https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2242-6147Srikar P. Tadepalli38Nello Vertolli39https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9201-3025Martin Wieser40https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1760-210XHayley Williamson41https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0071-2342INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; mirko.stumpo@inaf.itINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; mirko.stumpo@inaf.itINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; mirko.stumpo@inaf.itINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; mirko.stumpo@inaf.itMax Planck Institute for Solar System Research , Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Italian Space Agency (ASI) , Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Rome, ItalyEuropean Space Agency , European Space Research and Technology Centre, Noordwijk, The NetherlandsNetherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy—ASTRON: Dwingeloo , The NetherlandsSwedish Institute of Space Physics—IRF , Kiruna, SwedenInstitute for Geophysics and Extraterrestrial Physics, TU Braunschweig , Braunschweig, GermanyIWF , Graz, AustriaJapanese Aerospace Exploration Agency—JAXA , JapanIndian Space Research Organisation—ISRO , IndiaINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; mirko.stumpo@inaf.itInstitute for Geophysics and Extraterrestrial Physics, TU Braunschweig , Braunschweig, GermanyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste , Trieste, ItalyINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; mirko.stumpo@inaf.itINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; mirko.stumpo@inaf.itInstitute for Geophysics and Extraterrestrial Physics, TU Braunschweig , Braunschweig, GermanyINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; mirko.stumpo@inaf.itINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; mirko.stumpo@inaf.itIWF , Graz, AustriaINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste , Trieste, ItalyIWF , Graz, AustriaINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; mirko.stumpo@inaf.itIWF , Graz, AustriaINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; mirko.stumpo@inaf.itINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; mirko.stumpo@inaf.itINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; mirko.stumpo@inaf.itINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; mirko.stumpo@inaf.itDepartment of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata , 00133 Rome, ItalySwedish Institute of Space Physics—IRF , Kiruna, SwedenINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; mirko.stumpo@inaf.itINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; mirko.stumpo@inaf.itINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; mirko.stumpo@inaf.itInstitute for Geophysics and Extraterrestrial Physics, TU Braunschweig , Braunschweig, GermanyINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; mirko.stumpo@inaf.itUniversity of Leicester , School of Physics and Astronomy, Leicester, UKINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; mirko.stumpo@inaf.itIndian Space Research Organisation—ISRO , IndiaINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; mirko.stumpo@inaf.itSwedish Institute of Space Physics—IRF , Kiruna, SwedenSwedish Institute of Space Physics—IRF , Kiruna, SwedenOn 2022 March 28, a solar eruption from active region AR 12975 produced a solar energetic particle (SEP) event observed by BepiColombo (BC; 0.57 au), STEREO-A (STA; 0.97 au), GOES (1.0 au), ACE (L1), and Wind (L1). The event was associated with an M4.0 soft X-ray flare peaking at 11:29 UTC, a Type III radio burst (0.1–16 MHz) at 11:24 UTC, a metric Type II radio burst (25–250 MHz) at 11:23 UTC, and a coronal mass ejection with a speed of 700 km s ^−1 . BC and STA, magnetically aligned along the same Parker spiral and well connected to the flare site (footpoint separations of 19 $\mathop{.}\limits^{\unicode{x000b0}}$ 8 and 16 $\mathop{.}\limits^{\unicode{x000b0}}$ 5, respectively), detected a gradual SEP event with remarkable impulsive characteristics, including a high ^3 He/ ^4 He ratio (0.7 at 1 MeV), elevated Fe/O ratio (∼0.5 increasing with energy), a ^3 He spectrum harder than that of other ions, and particle dropouts at BC linked to intermittent magnetic connections. Near-Earth spacecraft (44 $\mathop{.}\limits^{\unicode{x000b0}}$ 8 from the flare site) observed abundance ratios closer to coronal values, and more uniform proton/heavy-ion spectra. Our findings suggest both the contribution of particles accelerated by a quasi-parallel shock and a direct contribution from flare suprathermals, accelerated during postflare ongoing reconnection, at well connected spacecraft.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/add5f1Solar energetic particles |
| spellingShingle | Mirko Stumpo Monica Laurenza Simone Benella Anna Milillo Christina Plainaki Matthew J. West Pietro Zucca Stas Barabash Daniel Heyner Ali Varsani Go Murakami Shyama Narendranath Alessandro Aronica H. U. Auster Lorenzo Biasiotti Alessandro Brin Luca Colasanti D. Constantinescu Elisabetta De Angelis Pier Paolo Di Bartolomeo D. Fischer Stavro Ivanovski Harald Jeszenszky Adrian Kazakov Gunter Laky Valeria Mangano Stefano Massetti Martina Moroni Alessandro Mura Livio Narici Hans Nilsson Raffaella Noschese Stefano Orsini Grace Richards I. Richter Rosanna Rispoli Beatriz Sanchez-Cano Roberto Sordini Srikar P. Tadepalli Nello Vertolli Martin Wieser Hayley Williamson In-depth Analysis of the 2022 March 28 3He-rich Solar Energetic Particle Event The Astrophysical Journal Solar energetic particles |
| title | In-depth Analysis of the 2022 March 28 3He-rich Solar Energetic Particle Event |
| title_full | In-depth Analysis of the 2022 March 28 3He-rich Solar Energetic Particle Event |
| title_fullStr | In-depth Analysis of the 2022 March 28 3He-rich Solar Energetic Particle Event |
| title_full_unstemmed | In-depth Analysis of the 2022 March 28 3He-rich Solar Energetic Particle Event |
| title_short | In-depth Analysis of the 2022 March 28 3He-rich Solar Energetic Particle Event |
| title_sort | in depth analysis of the 2022 march 28 3he rich solar energetic particle event |
| topic | Solar energetic particles |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/add5f1 |
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