Heat Stress in Dairy Cows: Impacts, Identification, and Mitigation Strategies—A Review
Heat stress in animals affects productivity, health, and reproduction, with particularly pronounced effects in dairy cows. Identifying heat stress requires understanding both physiological and environmental indicators, such as increased heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature, which ref...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Animals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/2/249 |
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| author | Charles Paranhos Oliveira Fernanda Campos de Sousa Alex Lopes da Silva Érica Beatriz Schultz Roger Iván Valderrama Londoño Pedro Antônio Reinoso de Souza |
| author_facet | Charles Paranhos Oliveira Fernanda Campos de Sousa Alex Lopes da Silva Érica Beatriz Schultz Roger Iván Valderrama Londoño Pedro Antônio Reinoso de Souza |
| author_sort | Charles Paranhos Oliveira |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Heat stress in animals affects productivity, health, and reproduction, with particularly pronounced effects in dairy cows. Identifying heat stress requires understanding both physiological and environmental indicators, such as increased heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature, which reflect the animal’s thermal condition within its environment. Thermoregulation in cows involves behavioral and physiological adjustments to maintain homeothermy, aiming to stabilize their internal thermal state. To assess the thermal condition of animals, machine learning models have been developed, leveraging both environmental and physiological indicators for more accurate stress detection. Among the various indices of thermal environment, the Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) is the most widely used. Cooling strategies for animals and their environments are essential to mitigate the effects of heat stress. One effective approach involves the use of evaporative adiabatic cooling combined with forced ventilation systems in feeding alleys and pre-milking holding areas. This method enhances evaporative exchanges and facilitates heat dissipation between the animal and its surroundings, thereby alleviating heat stress and improving both the welfare and productivity of dairy cows. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ccb9eab0b5d149d7bdfd052c1858f2b3 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj-art-ccb9eab0b5d149d7bdfd052c1858f2b32025-01-24T13:18:17ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152025-01-0115224910.3390/ani15020249Heat Stress in Dairy Cows: Impacts, Identification, and Mitigation Strategies—A ReviewCharles Paranhos Oliveira0Fernanda Campos de Sousa1Alex Lopes da Silva2Érica Beatriz Schultz3Roger Iván Valderrama Londoño4Pedro Antônio Reinoso de Souza5Departament of Agricultural Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, BrazilDepartament of Agricultural Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, BrazilDepartament of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, BrazilDepartament of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, BrazilInstitute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 1226, ColombiaDepartament of Agricultural Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, BrazilHeat stress in animals affects productivity, health, and reproduction, with particularly pronounced effects in dairy cows. Identifying heat stress requires understanding both physiological and environmental indicators, such as increased heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature, which reflect the animal’s thermal condition within its environment. Thermoregulation in cows involves behavioral and physiological adjustments to maintain homeothermy, aiming to stabilize their internal thermal state. To assess the thermal condition of animals, machine learning models have been developed, leveraging both environmental and physiological indicators for more accurate stress detection. Among the various indices of thermal environment, the Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) is the most widely used. Cooling strategies for animals and their environments are essential to mitigate the effects of heat stress. One effective approach involves the use of evaporative adiabatic cooling combined with forced ventilation systems in feeding alleys and pre-milking holding areas. This method enhances evaporative exchanges and facilitates heat dissipation between the animal and its surroundings, thereby alleviating heat stress and improving both the welfare and productivity of dairy cows.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/2/249ambiencemachine learninganimal environmentanimal welfarehomeothermydairy farming |
| spellingShingle | Charles Paranhos Oliveira Fernanda Campos de Sousa Alex Lopes da Silva Érica Beatriz Schultz Roger Iván Valderrama Londoño Pedro Antônio Reinoso de Souza Heat Stress in Dairy Cows: Impacts, Identification, and Mitigation Strategies—A Review Animals ambience machine learning animal environment animal welfare homeothermy dairy farming |
| title | Heat Stress in Dairy Cows: Impacts, Identification, and Mitigation Strategies—A Review |
| title_full | Heat Stress in Dairy Cows: Impacts, Identification, and Mitigation Strategies—A Review |
| title_fullStr | Heat Stress in Dairy Cows: Impacts, Identification, and Mitigation Strategies—A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Heat Stress in Dairy Cows: Impacts, Identification, and Mitigation Strategies—A Review |
| title_short | Heat Stress in Dairy Cows: Impacts, Identification, and Mitigation Strategies—A Review |
| title_sort | heat stress in dairy cows impacts identification and mitigation strategies a review |
| topic | ambience machine learning animal environment animal welfare homeothermy dairy farming |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/2/249 |
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