Two-photon absorption under few-photon irradiation for optical nanoprinting

Abstract Two-photon absorption (TPA) has been widely applied for three-dimensional imaging and nanoprinting; however, the efficiency of TPA imaging and nanoprinting using laser scanning techniques is limited by its trade-off to reach high resolution. Here, we unveil a concept, few-photon irradiated...

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Main Authors: Zi-Xin Liang, Yuan-Yuan Zhao, Jing-Tao Chen, Xian-Zi Dong, Feng Jin, Mei-Ling Zheng, Xuan-Ming Duan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-03-01
Series:Nature Communications
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57390-9
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author Zi-Xin Liang
Yuan-Yuan Zhao
Jing-Tao Chen
Xian-Zi Dong
Feng Jin
Mei-Ling Zheng
Xuan-Ming Duan
author_facet Zi-Xin Liang
Yuan-Yuan Zhao
Jing-Tao Chen
Xian-Zi Dong
Feng Jin
Mei-Ling Zheng
Xuan-Ming Duan
author_sort Zi-Xin Liang
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Two-photon absorption (TPA) has been widely applied for three-dimensional imaging and nanoprinting; however, the efficiency of TPA imaging and nanoprinting using laser scanning techniques is limited by its trade-off to reach high resolution. Here, we unveil a concept, few-photon irradiated TPA, supported by a spatiotemporal model based on the principle of wave-particle duality of light. This model describes the precise time-dependent mechanism of TPA under ultralow photon irradiance with a single tightly focused femtosecond laser pulse. We demonstrate that a feature size of 26 nm (1/20 λ) and a pattern period of 0.41 λ with a laser wavelength of 517 nm can be achieved by performing digital optical projection nanolithography under few-photon irradiation using the in-situ multiple exposure technique, improving printing efficiency by 5 orders of magnitude. We show deeper insights into the TPA mechanism and encourage the exploration of potential applications for TPA in nanoprinting and nanoimaging.
format Article
id doaj-art-c966e4e31d50401d88a96315ae957b0c
institution DOAJ
issn 2041-1723
language English
publishDate 2025-03-01
publisher Nature Portfolio
record_format Article
series Nature Communications
spelling doaj-art-c966e4e31d50401d88a96315ae957b0c2025-08-20T03:04:20ZengNature PortfolioNature Communications2041-17232025-03-011611910.1038/s41467-025-57390-9Two-photon absorption under few-photon irradiation for optical nanoprintingZi-Xin Liang0Yuan-Yuan Zhao1Jing-Tao Chen2Xian-Zi Dong3Feng Jin4Mei-Ling Zheng5Xuan-Ming Duan6Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan UniversityGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan UniversityGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan UniversityLaboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesLaboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesLaboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan UniversityAbstract Two-photon absorption (TPA) has been widely applied for three-dimensional imaging and nanoprinting; however, the efficiency of TPA imaging and nanoprinting using laser scanning techniques is limited by its trade-off to reach high resolution. Here, we unveil a concept, few-photon irradiated TPA, supported by a spatiotemporal model based on the principle of wave-particle duality of light. This model describes the precise time-dependent mechanism of TPA under ultralow photon irradiance with a single tightly focused femtosecond laser pulse. We demonstrate that a feature size of 26 nm (1/20 λ) and a pattern period of 0.41 λ with a laser wavelength of 517 nm can be achieved by performing digital optical projection nanolithography under few-photon irradiation using the in-situ multiple exposure technique, improving printing efficiency by 5 orders of magnitude. We show deeper insights into the TPA mechanism and encourage the exploration of potential applications for TPA in nanoprinting and nanoimaging.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57390-9
spellingShingle Zi-Xin Liang
Yuan-Yuan Zhao
Jing-Tao Chen
Xian-Zi Dong
Feng Jin
Mei-Ling Zheng
Xuan-Ming Duan
Two-photon absorption under few-photon irradiation for optical nanoprinting
Nature Communications
title Two-photon absorption under few-photon irradiation for optical nanoprinting
title_full Two-photon absorption under few-photon irradiation for optical nanoprinting
title_fullStr Two-photon absorption under few-photon irradiation for optical nanoprinting
title_full_unstemmed Two-photon absorption under few-photon irradiation for optical nanoprinting
title_short Two-photon absorption under few-photon irradiation for optical nanoprinting
title_sort two photon absorption under few photon irradiation for optical nanoprinting
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57390-9
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AT yuanyuanzhao twophotonabsorptionunderfewphotonirradiationforopticalnanoprinting
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AT xianzidong twophotonabsorptionunderfewphotonirradiationforopticalnanoprinting
AT fengjin twophotonabsorptionunderfewphotonirradiationforopticalnanoprinting
AT meilingzheng twophotonabsorptionunderfewphotonirradiationforopticalnanoprinting
AT xuanmingduan twophotonabsorptionunderfewphotonirradiationforopticalnanoprinting