A preliminary simulator study on exploring responses of drivers to driving system reminders on four stimuli in vehicles
Abstract In the realm of autonomous vehicles, society is undergoing a transition from conventional human-driven vehicles to autonomous driving systems. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for vehicles integrated with assistive driving systems. This pilot study designed to explore which type of...
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| Format: | Article |
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Nature Portfolio
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87571-x |
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| author | Zhao Zou Fady Alnajjar Michael Lwin Luqman Ali Hamad Al Jassmi Omar Mubin Muhammad Swavaf |
| author_facet | Zhao Zou Fady Alnajjar Michael Lwin Luqman Ali Hamad Al Jassmi Omar Mubin Muhammad Swavaf |
| author_sort | Zhao Zou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract In the realm of autonomous vehicles, society is undergoing a transition from conventional human-driven vehicles to autonomous driving systems. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for vehicles integrated with assistive driving systems. This pilot study designed to explore which type of driving system reminders, namely Text display, Image display, alarm notification, or humanoid voice command, provokes stronger preferences and higher rates of cooperation from drivers. A high-fidelity driving simulator mainly consisting of a Logitech PlayStation driving system, a reminder playing system and an emotion-detecting model was developed in a lab-setting environment. A cohort of participants (N = 6) was recruited to participate in the experiment, where they were tasked with completing assignments across four driving sessions, followed by a subsequent questionnaire. During each driving session, the participants were exposed to six reminders designed for different driving conditions, including seatbelt check, fuel level check, rear mirror check, over speed reminder, obstacles reminder and drowsy driving reminder. Concurrently, the participants’ driving performance was observed by the researcher, while changes in their emotional states were detected by the model. Subsequent to the driving sessions, participants were invited to complete a questionnaire for assessing the various formats of driving reminders presented by the four stimuli, utilizing a 5-level Likert scale. The results revealed that driving reminders with sounds (alarm notification and humanoid voice command) exhibited higher recognition and cooperation rates among drivers than the silent reminders (text display and image display). Participants demonstrated stronger preferences for Voice-based driving reminders, which aligns with the observed behaviours of drivers. Despite the limitations of a small sample size of participants, this within-subject study which collected data from 24 individual driving sessions (6 participants x 4 driving sessions) provides insights on enhancing communication between human drivers and computer-assisted driving systems by developing improved alert systems for drivers. It also seeks to enhance the field of automotive user interface design by developing more intuitive and responsive interactions between humans and humanoid-assistant in future autonomous vehicles. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c90e530103774adb80a20083a75b9639 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-c90e530103774adb80a20083a75b96392025-02-02T12:21:03ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-02-0115111610.1038/s41598-025-87571-xA preliminary simulator study on exploring responses of drivers to driving system reminders on four stimuli in vehiclesZhao Zou0Fady Alnajjar1Michael Lwin2Luqman Ali3Hamad Al Jassmi4Omar Mubin5Muhammad Swavaf6School of Computer, Data and Mathematical Sciences, Western Sydney UniversityCollege of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates UniversitySchool of Business, Western Sydney UniversityEmirates Centre for Mobility Research, United Arab Emirates UniversityEmirates Centre for Mobility Research, United Arab Emirates UniversitySchool of Computer, Data and Mathematical Sciences, Western Sydney UniversityCollege of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates UniversityAbstract In the realm of autonomous vehicles, society is undergoing a transition from conventional human-driven vehicles to autonomous driving systems. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for vehicles integrated with assistive driving systems. This pilot study designed to explore which type of driving system reminders, namely Text display, Image display, alarm notification, or humanoid voice command, provokes stronger preferences and higher rates of cooperation from drivers. A high-fidelity driving simulator mainly consisting of a Logitech PlayStation driving system, a reminder playing system and an emotion-detecting model was developed in a lab-setting environment. A cohort of participants (N = 6) was recruited to participate in the experiment, where they were tasked with completing assignments across four driving sessions, followed by a subsequent questionnaire. During each driving session, the participants were exposed to six reminders designed for different driving conditions, including seatbelt check, fuel level check, rear mirror check, over speed reminder, obstacles reminder and drowsy driving reminder. Concurrently, the participants’ driving performance was observed by the researcher, while changes in their emotional states were detected by the model. Subsequent to the driving sessions, participants were invited to complete a questionnaire for assessing the various formats of driving reminders presented by the four stimuli, utilizing a 5-level Likert scale. The results revealed that driving reminders with sounds (alarm notification and humanoid voice command) exhibited higher recognition and cooperation rates among drivers than the silent reminders (text display and image display). Participants demonstrated stronger preferences for Voice-based driving reminders, which aligns with the observed behaviours of drivers. Despite the limitations of a small sample size of participants, this within-subject study which collected data from 24 individual driving sessions (6 participants x 4 driving sessions) provides insights on enhancing communication between human drivers and computer-assisted driving systems by developing improved alert systems for drivers. It also seeks to enhance the field of automotive user interface design by developing more intuitive and responsive interactions between humans and humanoid-assistant in future autonomous vehicles.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87571-xAutonomous vehiclesEmotion detectingAssistive driving systemHumanoid voiceHuman-computer interaction |
| spellingShingle | Zhao Zou Fady Alnajjar Michael Lwin Luqman Ali Hamad Al Jassmi Omar Mubin Muhammad Swavaf A preliminary simulator study on exploring responses of drivers to driving system reminders on four stimuli in vehicles Scientific Reports Autonomous vehicles Emotion detecting Assistive driving system Humanoid voice Human-computer interaction |
| title | A preliminary simulator study on exploring responses of drivers to driving system reminders on four stimuli in vehicles |
| title_full | A preliminary simulator study on exploring responses of drivers to driving system reminders on four stimuli in vehicles |
| title_fullStr | A preliminary simulator study on exploring responses of drivers to driving system reminders on four stimuli in vehicles |
| title_full_unstemmed | A preliminary simulator study on exploring responses of drivers to driving system reminders on four stimuli in vehicles |
| title_short | A preliminary simulator study on exploring responses of drivers to driving system reminders on four stimuli in vehicles |
| title_sort | preliminary simulator study on exploring responses of drivers to driving system reminders on four stimuli in vehicles |
| topic | Autonomous vehicles Emotion detecting Assistive driving system Humanoid voice Human-computer interaction |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87571-x |
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