Exploring organoid and assembloid technologies: a focus on retina and brain

Abstract Background The recent emergence of three-dimensional organoids and their utilization as in vitro disease models confirmed the complexities behind organ-specific functions and unravelled the importance of establishing suitable human models for various applications. Also, in light of persis...

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Main Authors: Sara Ouaidat, Alessandro Bellapianta, Franziska Ammer-Pickhardt, Tara Taghipour, Matthias Bolz, Ahmad Salti
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Cambridge University Press 2025-01-01
Series:Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine
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Online Access:https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1462399425000092/type/journal_article
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Summary:Abstract Background The recent emergence of three-dimensional organoids and their utilization as in vitro disease models confirmed the complexities behind organ-specific functions and unravelled the importance of establishing suitable human models for various applications. Also, in light of persistent challenges associated with their use, researchers have been striving to establish more advanced structures (i.e. assembloids) that can help address the limitations presented in the current organoids. Methods In this review, we discuss the distinct organoid types that are available to date, with a special focus on retinal and brain organoids, and highlight their importance in disease modelling. Results We refer to published research to explore the extent to which retinal and brain organoids can serve as potential alternatives to organ/cell transplants and direct our attention to the topic of photostimulation in retinal organoids. Additionally, we discuss the advantages of incorporating microfluidics and organ-on-a-chip devices for boosting retinal organoid performance. The challenges of organoids leading to the subsequent development of assembloid fusion models are also presented. Conclusion In conclusion, organoid technology has laid the foundation for generating upgraded models that not only better replicate in vivo systems but also allow for a deeper comprehension of disease pathophysiology.
ISSN:1462-3994