The partnership, fertility, and employment trajectories of immigrants in the United Kingdom: An intersectional life course approach using three-channel sequence analysis

BACKGROUND: Although immigrants’ employment, partnership, and childbearing are intertwined, most previous longitudinal studies have focused on only one of these life domains. OBJECTIVE: We investigate gendered patterns of the co-evolution of the partnership, fertility, and employment trajectories of...

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Main Authors: Julia Mikolai, Hill Kulu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research 2025-08-01
Series:Demographic Research
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.demographic-research.org/articles/volume/53/10
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author Julia Mikolai
Hill Kulu
author_facet Julia Mikolai
Hill Kulu
author_sort Julia Mikolai
collection DOAJ
description BACKGROUND: Although immigrants’ employment, partnership, and childbearing are intertwined, most previous longitudinal studies have focused on only one of these life domains. OBJECTIVE: We investigate gendered patterns of the co-evolution of the partnership, fertility, and employment trajectories of immigrants from different origin countries. METHODS: We use the UK Household Longitudinal Study and multi-channel sequence analysis to establish types of joint trajectories of partnership, fertility, and employment among immigrants. Applying multinomial logistic regression, we determine the characteristics of immigrants who experience each trajectory type. We conduct the analyses both together and separately for women and men. RESULTS: We find three types of trajectories. Immigrants in the ‘single, childless, students’ cluster arrive as and remain single and childless and are either in education or part-time employment. The second group of immigrants (‘partnered, childless, full-time employed’) arrive as single and childless but later become partnered and parents. They are in full-time employment. The third group is family migrants: they arrive as married, some have children at the time of arrival while others become parents soon after, and they are either employed or inactive. We found large differences between migrant men and women: While most men are in education or full-time employment, women stay inactive, especially family migrants. CONTRIBUTION: Taking an intersectional life course approach, we have shown that family and employment are mutually supportive life domains among immigrant men, whereas among immigrant women they are competing and often incompatible.
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spelling doaj-art-c8dea2148b094d5887f9e9c9c8c8c10c2025-08-26T00:00:44ZengMax Planck Institute for Demographic ResearchDemographic Research1435-98712025-08-01531026130610.4054/DemRes.2025.53.106413The partnership, fertility, and employment trajectories of immigrants in the United Kingdom: An intersectional life course approach using three-channel sequence analysisJulia Mikolai0Hill Kulu1University of St AndrewsUniversity of St AndrewsBACKGROUND: Although immigrants’ employment, partnership, and childbearing are intertwined, most previous longitudinal studies have focused on only one of these life domains. OBJECTIVE: We investigate gendered patterns of the co-evolution of the partnership, fertility, and employment trajectories of immigrants from different origin countries. METHODS: We use the UK Household Longitudinal Study and multi-channel sequence analysis to establish types of joint trajectories of partnership, fertility, and employment among immigrants. Applying multinomial logistic regression, we determine the characteristics of immigrants who experience each trajectory type. We conduct the analyses both together and separately for women and men. RESULTS: We find three types of trajectories. Immigrants in the ‘single, childless, students’ cluster arrive as and remain single and childless and are either in education or part-time employment. The second group of immigrants (‘partnered, childless, full-time employed’) arrive as single and childless but later become partnered and parents. They are in full-time employment. The third group is family migrants: they arrive as married, some have children at the time of arrival while others become parents soon after, and they are either employed or inactive. We found large differences between migrant men and women: While most men are in education or full-time employment, women stay inactive, especially family migrants. CONTRIBUTION: Taking an intersectional life course approach, we have shown that family and employment are mutually supportive life domains among immigrant men, whereas among immigrant women they are competing and often incompatible. https://www.demographic-research.org/articles/volume/53/10employmentfertilityimmigrantsmulti-channel sequence analysispartnershipUnited Kingdom
spellingShingle Julia Mikolai
Hill Kulu
The partnership, fertility, and employment trajectories of immigrants in the United Kingdom: An intersectional life course approach using three-channel sequence analysis
Demographic Research
employment
fertility
immigrants
multi-channel sequence analysis
partnership
United Kingdom
title The partnership, fertility, and employment trajectories of immigrants in the United Kingdom: An intersectional life course approach using three-channel sequence analysis
title_full The partnership, fertility, and employment trajectories of immigrants in the United Kingdom: An intersectional life course approach using three-channel sequence analysis
title_fullStr The partnership, fertility, and employment trajectories of immigrants in the United Kingdom: An intersectional life course approach using three-channel sequence analysis
title_full_unstemmed The partnership, fertility, and employment trajectories of immigrants in the United Kingdom: An intersectional life course approach using three-channel sequence analysis
title_short The partnership, fertility, and employment trajectories of immigrants in the United Kingdom: An intersectional life course approach using three-channel sequence analysis
title_sort partnership fertility and employment trajectories of immigrants in the united kingdom an intersectional life course approach using three channel sequence analysis
topic employment
fertility
immigrants
multi-channel sequence analysis
partnership
United Kingdom
url https://www.demographic-research.org/articles/volume/53/10
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