The First Large Identification of 3ANX and NX Producing Isolates of <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> in Manitoba, Western Canada
Fusarium head blight, caused by <i>Fusarium graminearum</i>, continues to be one of the most important and devastating fungal diseases on cereal grains including wheat, barley, and oat crops. <i>F. graminearum</i> produces toxic secondary metabolites that include trichothecen...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Maria Antonia Henriquez Srinivas Sura Sean Walkowiak David Kaminski Anne Kirk Mark W. Sumarah Parthasarathy Santhanam Nina Kepeshchuk Jules Carlson E. RoTimi Ojo Pam de Rocquigny Holly Derksen |
| author_facet | Maria Antonia Henriquez Srinivas Sura Sean Walkowiak David Kaminski Anne Kirk Mark W. Sumarah Parthasarathy Santhanam Nina Kepeshchuk Jules Carlson E. RoTimi Ojo Pam de Rocquigny Holly Derksen |
| author_sort | Maria Antonia Henriquez |
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| description | Fusarium head blight, caused by <i>Fusarium graminearum</i>, continues to be one of the most important and devastating fungal diseases on cereal grains including wheat, barley, and oat crops. <i>F. graminearum</i> produces toxic secondary metabolites that include trichothecene type A and type B mycotoxins. There are many variants of these toxins that are produced, and in the early 2010s, a novel type A trichothecene mycotoxin known as 3ANX (7-α hydroxy,15-deacetylcalonectrin) and its deacetylated product NX (7-α hydroxy, 3,15-dideacetylcalonectrin) were identified in Minnesota, USA. In the current study, a total of 31,500 wheat spikes over a period of 6 years (2015–2020) within Manitoba, Canada, were screened for the <i>F. graminearum</i> pathogen, which accounted for 72.8% (2015), 98.3% (2016), 71.9% (2017), 74.4% (2018), 92.6% (2019), and 66.1% (2020) of isolations. A total of 303 <i>F. graminearum</i> isolates, confirmed through sequencing of the ribosomal intergenic spacer, were further investigated for variation in the gene <i>Tri1</i>, which was previously associated with the production of the NX toxin, as well as the accumulation of mycotoxins. A subset of these isolates, consisting of 73 isolates, which tested positive or negative for the NX-<i>Tri1</i>-F/R assay in this study, were cultured in vitro using rice media. Mycotoxins were quantified in these samples using mass spectrometry. Using the same rice culture, genomic DNA was isolated, and the <i>Tri1</i> coding sequence along with its flanking regions (upstream and downstream of the <i>Tri1</i> gene) was amplified and sequenced. Deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulated in 96% of the cultures from these isolates, while 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol (3ADON) and 3ANX mycotoxins accumulated in 66% and 63%, respectively. Nivalenol, 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol, and NX mycotoxins were detected in 62%, 36%, and 19% of samples, respectively. A significant correlation was observed between 3ADON and 3ANX (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.87), as well as between DON and 3ANX (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.89). This study highlights the first large identification of 3ANX- and NX-producing isolates of <i>F. graminearum</i> in Western Canada. In addition, it is the first identification of 15ADON chemotypes producing 3ANX in Western Canada and the first identification of 3ANX and NX-producing isolates in Manitoba, collected from wheat samples. |
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| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-c7df381acb7d423b9adfb2b4e29edf1d2025-01-24T13:51:19ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512025-01-011714510.3390/toxins17010045The First Large Identification of 3ANX and NX Producing Isolates of <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> in Manitoba, Western CanadaMaria Antonia Henriquez0Srinivas Sura1Sean Walkowiak2David Kaminski3Anne Kirk4Mark W. Sumarah5Parthasarathy Santhanam6Nina Kepeshchuk7Jules Carlson8E. RoTimi Ojo9Pam de Rocquigny10Holly Derksen11Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, CanadaMorden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, CanadaCanadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, CanadaManitoba Agriculture, 65-3rd Avenue NE, Carman, MB R1N 1Y7, CanadaManitoba Agriculture, 65-3rd Avenue NE, Carman, MB R1N 1Y7, CanadaLondon Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, CanadaMorden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, CanadaMorden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, CanadaMorden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, CanadaManitoba Agriculture, 65-3rd Avenue NE, Carman, MB R1N 1Y7, CanadaManitoba Agriculture, 65-3rd Avenue NE, Carman, MB R1N 1Y7, CanadaManitoba Agriculture, 65-3rd Avenue NE, Carman, MB R1N 1Y7, CanadaFusarium head blight, caused by <i>Fusarium graminearum</i>, continues to be one of the most important and devastating fungal diseases on cereal grains including wheat, barley, and oat crops. <i>F. graminearum</i> produces toxic secondary metabolites that include trichothecene type A and type B mycotoxins. There are many variants of these toxins that are produced, and in the early 2010s, a novel type A trichothecene mycotoxin known as 3ANX (7-α hydroxy,15-deacetylcalonectrin) and its deacetylated product NX (7-α hydroxy, 3,15-dideacetylcalonectrin) were identified in Minnesota, USA. In the current study, a total of 31,500 wheat spikes over a period of 6 years (2015–2020) within Manitoba, Canada, were screened for the <i>F. graminearum</i> pathogen, which accounted for 72.8% (2015), 98.3% (2016), 71.9% (2017), 74.4% (2018), 92.6% (2019), and 66.1% (2020) of isolations. A total of 303 <i>F. graminearum</i> isolates, confirmed through sequencing of the ribosomal intergenic spacer, were further investigated for variation in the gene <i>Tri1</i>, which was previously associated with the production of the NX toxin, as well as the accumulation of mycotoxins. A subset of these isolates, consisting of 73 isolates, which tested positive or negative for the NX-<i>Tri1</i>-F/R assay in this study, were cultured in vitro using rice media. Mycotoxins were quantified in these samples using mass spectrometry. Using the same rice culture, genomic DNA was isolated, and the <i>Tri1</i> coding sequence along with its flanking regions (upstream and downstream of the <i>Tri1</i> gene) was amplified and sequenced. Deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulated in 96% of the cultures from these isolates, while 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol (3ADON) and 3ANX mycotoxins accumulated in 66% and 63%, respectively. Nivalenol, 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol, and NX mycotoxins were detected in 62%, 36%, and 19% of samples, respectively. A significant correlation was observed between 3ADON and 3ANX (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.87), as well as between DON and 3ANX (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.89). This study highlights the first large identification of 3ANX- and NX-producing isolates of <i>F. graminearum</i> in Western Canada. In addition, it is the first identification of 15ADON chemotypes producing 3ANX in Western Canada and the first identification of 3ANX and NX-producing isolates in Manitoba, collected from wheat samples.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/1/45mycotoxinstrichothecenes<i>Tri1</i>NX3ANXNX-2 |
| spellingShingle | Maria Antonia Henriquez Srinivas Sura Sean Walkowiak David Kaminski Anne Kirk Mark W. Sumarah Parthasarathy Santhanam Nina Kepeshchuk Jules Carlson E. RoTimi Ojo Pam de Rocquigny Holly Derksen The First Large Identification of 3ANX and NX Producing Isolates of <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> in Manitoba, Western Canada Toxins mycotoxins trichothecenes <i>Tri1</i> NX 3ANX NX-2 |
| title | The First Large Identification of 3ANX and NX Producing Isolates of <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> in Manitoba, Western Canada |
| title_full | The First Large Identification of 3ANX and NX Producing Isolates of <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> in Manitoba, Western Canada |
| title_fullStr | The First Large Identification of 3ANX and NX Producing Isolates of <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> in Manitoba, Western Canada |
| title_full_unstemmed | The First Large Identification of 3ANX and NX Producing Isolates of <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> in Manitoba, Western Canada |
| title_short | The First Large Identification of 3ANX and NX Producing Isolates of <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> in Manitoba, Western Canada |
| title_sort | first large identification of 3anx and nx producing isolates of i fusarium graminearum i in manitoba western canada |
| topic | mycotoxins trichothecenes <i>Tri1</i> NX 3ANX NX-2 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/1/45 |
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