Self-healing unmanned aerial vehicle skin for icing prevention and intelligent monitoring

Abstract In-flight icing is a common hazard in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), accounting for 25% of drone accidents due to their sensitivity to weight increase. Anti-icing technology for UAVs remains challenging because of their limited payload capacity and insufficient power to support electrothe...

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Main Authors: Sijia Xu, Ruiqi Li, Shu Tian, Junyu Yu, Chengtao An, Kai Yang, Jing Yang, Lei Zhang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:npj Flexible Electronics
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00434-3
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author Sijia Xu
Ruiqi Li
Shu Tian
Junyu Yu
Chengtao An
Kai Yang
Jing Yang
Lei Zhang
author_facet Sijia Xu
Ruiqi Li
Shu Tian
Junyu Yu
Chengtao An
Kai Yang
Jing Yang
Lei Zhang
author_sort Sijia Xu
collection DOAJ
description Abstract In-flight icing is a common hazard in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), accounting for 25% of drone accidents due to their sensitivity to weight increase. Anti-icing technology for UAVs remains challenging because of their limited payload capacity and insufficient power to support electrothermal deicing systems. In this study, a self-healing intelligent skin was developed for small-size smart devices, such as UAVs. It provides anti-icing and icephobic capabilities in addition to real-time monitoring of in-flight icing. This skin consists of five layers, including self-healing supramolecular elastomers and electrodes, with an encapsulation layer composed of a specially designed fluoropolymer to decrease the ice nucleation temperature (−28.4 °C) and ice adhesion strength (33.0 kPa). Notably, this skin can monitor ice accretion on the UAV surface in real time, and its sensing performance undergoes complete self-recovery after damage. This study paves the way for intelligent UAVs to operate safely under extreme weather conditions.
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institution Kabale University
issn 2397-4621
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publishDate 2025-07-01
publisher Nature Portfolio
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series npj Flexible Electronics
spelling doaj-art-c5cb68ce8fbd45d5a3db0f9ca27ccb7a2025-08-20T03:42:02ZengNature Portfolionpj Flexible Electronics2397-46212025-07-01911910.1038/s41528-025-00434-3Self-healing unmanned aerial vehicle skin for icing prevention and intelligent monitoringSijia Xu0Ruiqi Li1Shu Tian2Junyu Yu3Chengtao An4Kai Yang5Jing Yang6Lei Zhang7School of Synthetic Biology and Biomanufacturing, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University; Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin UniversitySchool of Synthetic Biology and Biomanufacturing, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University; Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin UniversityHaihe laboratory of Sustainable Chemical TransformationsSchool of Synthetic Biology and Biomanufacturing, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University; Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin UniversitySchool of Synthetic Biology and Biomanufacturing, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University; Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin UniversitySchool of Synthetic Biology and Biomanufacturing, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University; Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin UniversitySchool of Synthetic Biology and Biomanufacturing, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University; Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin UniversitySchool of Synthetic Biology and Biomanufacturing, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University; Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin UniversityAbstract In-flight icing is a common hazard in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), accounting for 25% of drone accidents due to their sensitivity to weight increase. Anti-icing technology for UAVs remains challenging because of their limited payload capacity and insufficient power to support electrothermal deicing systems. In this study, a self-healing intelligent skin was developed for small-size smart devices, such as UAVs. It provides anti-icing and icephobic capabilities in addition to real-time monitoring of in-flight icing. This skin consists of five layers, including self-healing supramolecular elastomers and electrodes, with an encapsulation layer composed of a specially designed fluoropolymer to decrease the ice nucleation temperature (−28.4 °C) and ice adhesion strength (33.0 kPa). Notably, this skin can monitor ice accretion on the UAV surface in real time, and its sensing performance undergoes complete self-recovery after damage. This study paves the way for intelligent UAVs to operate safely under extreme weather conditions.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00434-3
spellingShingle Sijia Xu
Ruiqi Li
Shu Tian
Junyu Yu
Chengtao An
Kai Yang
Jing Yang
Lei Zhang
Self-healing unmanned aerial vehicle skin for icing prevention and intelligent monitoring
npj Flexible Electronics
title Self-healing unmanned aerial vehicle skin for icing prevention and intelligent monitoring
title_full Self-healing unmanned aerial vehicle skin for icing prevention and intelligent monitoring
title_fullStr Self-healing unmanned aerial vehicle skin for icing prevention and intelligent monitoring
title_full_unstemmed Self-healing unmanned aerial vehicle skin for icing prevention and intelligent monitoring
title_short Self-healing unmanned aerial vehicle skin for icing prevention and intelligent monitoring
title_sort self healing unmanned aerial vehicle skin for icing prevention and intelligent monitoring
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00434-3
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