Non-Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Tailored Assessment and Clinical Implications
Non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors (RFs) are increasingly emerging as important modifiers of cardiovascular risk (CVR), offering insights beyond traditional metrics like hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. These include novel biomarkers, chronic conditions (e.g., chronic kidney diseas...
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MDPI AG
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2308-3425/12/5/171 |
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| author | Francesco Perone Marco Bernardi Luigi Spadafora Matteo Betti Stefano Cacciatore Francesco Saia Federica Fogacci Vikash Jaiswal Elad Asher Francesco Paneni Salvatore De Rosa Maciej Banach Giuseppe Biondi Zoccai Pierre Sabouret |
| author_facet | Francesco Perone Marco Bernardi Luigi Spadafora Matteo Betti Stefano Cacciatore Francesco Saia Federica Fogacci Vikash Jaiswal Elad Asher Francesco Paneni Salvatore De Rosa Maciej Banach Giuseppe Biondi Zoccai Pierre Sabouret |
| author_sort | Francesco Perone |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors (RFs) are increasingly emerging as important modifiers of cardiovascular risk (CVR), offering insights beyond traditional metrics like hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. These include novel biomarkers, chronic conditions (e.g., chronic kidney disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), environmental exposures, chronic inflammation, infections, psychosocial factors, and sex-specific conditions, all of which influence the prediction, management, and outcomes of cardiovascular disease (CVD). These additional RFs may impact on CVD prediction and add valid information during tailored patient assessment and management. Therefore, a careful assessment of both traditional and non-traditional cardiovascular RFs, with a personalized treatment, could dramatically reduce the total CVD burden. Nevertheless, further research is needed to precisely estimate the magnitude of their impact as risk and prognosis modifiers in order to be included in future risk charts. This review provides a critical analysis of non-traditional RFs, their pathophysiological mechanisms, and their implications for personalized care. Integrating these factors into CVR assessment can reclassify patient risk categories, optimize therapeutic strategies, and improve prognosis. However, further research is needed to refine their inclusion in risk charts and evaluate their impact on public health outcomes. A tailored, multidisciplinary approach is essential to reduce the burden of CVD and associated mortality. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c4e407eef2e948a2bce5529bd9edd3b1 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2308-3425 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease |
| spelling | doaj-art-c4e407eef2e948a2bce5529bd9edd3b12025-08-20T02:33:54ZengMDPI AGJournal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease2308-34252025-04-0112517110.3390/jcdd12050171Non-Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Tailored Assessment and Clinical ImplicationsFrancesco Perone0Marco Bernardi1Luigi Spadafora2Matteo Betti3Stefano Cacciatore4Francesco Saia5Federica Fogacci6Vikash Jaiswal7Elad Asher8Francesco Paneni9Salvatore De Rosa10Maciej Banach11Giuseppe Biondi Zoccai12Pierre Sabouret13Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, Rehabilitation Clinic “Villa delle Magnolie”, 81020 Castel Morrone, Caserta, ItalyDepartment of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, ItalyDepartment of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, ItalyDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Rheumatology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, ItalyInterventional Cardiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Policlinico Sant’Orsola, 40138 Bologna, ItalyHypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Research Center, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, ItalyDepartment of Cardiovascular Research, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL 33431, USAJesselson Integrated Heart Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9103102, IsraelCenter for Translational and Experimental Cardiology (CTEC), Deapartment of Cardiology, University Hospital Zürich and University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, Schlieren, 8952 Zurich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyCiccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Carnegie 591, Baltimore, MD 21287, USADepartment of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, ItalyHeart Institute and Action Group, Pitié-Salpétrière, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, FranceNon-traditional cardiovascular risk factors (RFs) are increasingly emerging as important modifiers of cardiovascular risk (CVR), offering insights beyond traditional metrics like hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. These include novel biomarkers, chronic conditions (e.g., chronic kidney disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), environmental exposures, chronic inflammation, infections, psychosocial factors, and sex-specific conditions, all of which influence the prediction, management, and outcomes of cardiovascular disease (CVD). These additional RFs may impact on CVD prediction and add valid information during tailored patient assessment and management. Therefore, a careful assessment of both traditional and non-traditional cardiovascular RFs, with a personalized treatment, could dramatically reduce the total CVD burden. Nevertheless, further research is needed to precisely estimate the magnitude of their impact as risk and prognosis modifiers in order to be included in future risk charts. This review provides a critical analysis of non-traditional RFs, their pathophysiological mechanisms, and their implications for personalized care. Integrating these factors into CVR assessment can reclassify patient risk categories, optimize therapeutic strategies, and improve prognosis. However, further research is needed to refine their inclusion in risk charts and evaluate their impact on public health outcomes. A tailored, multidisciplinary approach is essential to reduce the burden of CVD and associated mortality.https://www.mdpi.com/2308-3425/12/5/171non-traditional risk factorsrisk assessmentcardiovascular diseasetraditional risk factorscardiovascular prevention |
| spellingShingle | Francesco Perone Marco Bernardi Luigi Spadafora Matteo Betti Stefano Cacciatore Francesco Saia Federica Fogacci Vikash Jaiswal Elad Asher Francesco Paneni Salvatore De Rosa Maciej Banach Giuseppe Biondi Zoccai Pierre Sabouret Non-Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Tailored Assessment and Clinical Implications Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease non-traditional risk factors risk assessment cardiovascular disease traditional risk factors cardiovascular prevention |
| title | Non-Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Tailored Assessment and Clinical Implications |
| title_full | Non-Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Tailored Assessment and Clinical Implications |
| title_fullStr | Non-Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Tailored Assessment and Clinical Implications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Non-Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Tailored Assessment and Clinical Implications |
| title_short | Non-Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Tailored Assessment and Clinical Implications |
| title_sort | non traditional cardiovascular risk factors tailored assessment and clinical implications |
| topic | non-traditional risk factors risk assessment cardiovascular disease traditional risk factors cardiovascular prevention |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2308-3425/12/5/171 |
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