Towards last-mile connectivity in 6G-IoT: An integrated MIMO-FSO communication system and FBG sensors under atmospheric attenuations, strain and temperature effects
Free-space optical (FSO) communication is an advanced wireless optical communication technology that provides high-speed data services for 6th-generation wireless communication and Internet of Things (IoT) networks. In light of developing a 6G IoT network in an open environment, this paper analyses...
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Elsevier
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215098625000138 |
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| author | R. Arunachalam Rupali Singh M. Vinoth Kumar |
| author_facet | R. Arunachalam Rupali Singh M. Vinoth Kumar |
| author_sort | R. Arunachalam |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Free-space optical (FSO) communication is an advanced wireless optical communication technology that provides high-speed data services for 6th-generation wireless communication and Internet of Things (IoT) networks. In light of developing a 6G IoT network in an open environment, this paper analyses the impact of temperature and strain on FSO communication links using Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors. FSO systems are sensitive to temperature variations, and the position of the receiving telescope can be altered by mechanical strain that can affect the refractive index of the atmosphere, leading to signal attenuation and pointing errors. The current work proposes a model that integrates FBG sensors with an FSO channel for simultaneous strain and temperature measurements and a compensator that overcomes severe signal attenuations. Also, the impact of atmospheric attenuations on FSO systems is analysed. Scintillation models for weak, moderate and strong turbulence conditions are analysed, and the performance of the gamma-gamma turbulence model has been used to observe the MIMO FSO channel. The results are observed for FSO links with the atmospheric attenuations with FBG sensors that reflect the pointing errors at the receiver, showing a comprehensive ability to capture strain and temperature parameters. For the transmission of 10 Gb/s data, it was observed that the inclusion of the Multiple input and multiple-output (MIMO)-FSO technique significantly reduces bit errors from −3.12494 dB to −35.018 dB and increase signal power from 52.4 dBm to 58.9 dBm, indicating the adaptability of this integrated strategy for FSO communication with FBG sensors for last mile connectivity in 6G-IoT applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-bf62bbee476d49e7b1aa60a8d141bfaa |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2215-0986 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-bf62bbee476d49e7b1aa60a8d141bfaa2025-01-31T05:11:22ZengElsevierEngineering Science and Technology, an International Journal2215-09862025-03-0163101958Towards last-mile connectivity in 6G-IoT: An integrated MIMO-FSO communication system and FBG sensors under atmospheric attenuations, strain and temperature effectsR. Arunachalam0Rupali Singh1M. Vinoth Kumar2Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Delhi-NCR Campus, Modinagar, UP 201204, IndiaCorresponding author.; Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Delhi-NCR Campus, Modinagar, UP 201204, IndiaDepartment of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Delhi-NCR Campus, Modinagar, UP 201204, IndiaFree-space optical (FSO) communication is an advanced wireless optical communication technology that provides high-speed data services for 6th-generation wireless communication and Internet of Things (IoT) networks. In light of developing a 6G IoT network in an open environment, this paper analyses the impact of temperature and strain on FSO communication links using Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors. FSO systems are sensitive to temperature variations, and the position of the receiving telescope can be altered by mechanical strain that can affect the refractive index of the atmosphere, leading to signal attenuation and pointing errors. The current work proposes a model that integrates FBG sensors with an FSO channel for simultaneous strain and temperature measurements and a compensator that overcomes severe signal attenuations. Also, the impact of atmospheric attenuations on FSO systems is analysed. Scintillation models for weak, moderate and strong turbulence conditions are analysed, and the performance of the gamma-gamma turbulence model has been used to observe the MIMO FSO channel. The results are observed for FSO links with the atmospheric attenuations with FBG sensors that reflect the pointing errors at the receiver, showing a comprehensive ability to capture strain and temperature parameters. For the transmission of 10 Gb/s data, it was observed that the inclusion of the Multiple input and multiple-output (MIMO)-FSO technique significantly reduces bit errors from −3.12494 dB to −35.018 dB and increase signal power from 52.4 dBm to 58.9 dBm, indicating the adaptability of this integrated strategy for FSO communication with FBG sensors for last mile connectivity in 6G-IoT applications.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215098625000138Integrated sensing and communicationFree Space Optical (FSO)Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG)Temperature sensorStrain sensor |
| spellingShingle | R. Arunachalam Rupali Singh M. Vinoth Kumar Towards last-mile connectivity in 6G-IoT: An integrated MIMO-FSO communication system and FBG sensors under atmospheric attenuations, strain and temperature effects Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal Integrated sensing and communication Free Space Optical (FSO) Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Temperature sensor Strain sensor |
| title | Towards last-mile connectivity in 6G-IoT: An integrated MIMO-FSO communication system and FBG sensors under atmospheric attenuations, strain and temperature effects |
| title_full | Towards last-mile connectivity in 6G-IoT: An integrated MIMO-FSO communication system and FBG sensors under atmospheric attenuations, strain and temperature effects |
| title_fullStr | Towards last-mile connectivity in 6G-IoT: An integrated MIMO-FSO communication system and FBG sensors under atmospheric attenuations, strain and temperature effects |
| title_full_unstemmed | Towards last-mile connectivity in 6G-IoT: An integrated MIMO-FSO communication system and FBG sensors under atmospheric attenuations, strain and temperature effects |
| title_short | Towards last-mile connectivity in 6G-IoT: An integrated MIMO-FSO communication system and FBG sensors under atmospheric attenuations, strain and temperature effects |
| title_sort | towards last mile connectivity in 6g iot an integrated mimo fso communication system and fbg sensors under atmospheric attenuations strain and temperature effects |
| topic | Integrated sensing and communication Free Space Optical (FSO) Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Temperature sensor Strain sensor |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215098625000138 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rarunachalam towardslastmileconnectivityin6giotanintegratedmimofsocommunicationsystemandfbgsensorsunderatmosphericattenuationsstrainandtemperatureeffects AT rupalisingh towardslastmileconnectivityin6giotanintegratedmimofsocommunicationsystemandfbgsensorsunderatmosphericattenuationsstrainandtemperatureeffects AT mvinothkumar towardslastmileconnectivityin6giotanintegratedmimofsocommunicationsystemandfbgsensorsunderatmosphericattenuationsstrainandtemperatureeffects |