High Optical-to-X-Ray Polarization Ratio Reveals Compton Scattering in BL Lacertae’s Jet
Blazars, supermassive black hole systems with highly relativistic jets aligned with the line of sight, are the most powerful long-lived emitters of electromagnetic emission in the Universe. We report here on a radio-to-gamma-ray multiwavelength campaign on the blazar BL Lacertae with unprecedented p...
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2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adc572 |
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| author | Iván Agudo Ioannis Liodakis Jorge Otero-Santos Riccardo Middei Alan Marscher Svetlana Jorstad Haocheng Zhang Hui Li Laura Di Gesu Roger W. Romani Dawoon E. Kim Francesco Fenu Herman L. Marshall Luigi Pacciani Juan Escudero Pedrosa Francisco José Aceituno Beatriz Agís-González Giacomo Bonnoli Víctor Casanova Daniel Morcuende Vilppu Piirola Alfredo Sota Pouya M. Kouch Elina Lindfors Callum McCall Helen E. Jermak Iain A. Steele George A. Borman Tatiana S. Grishina Vladimir A. Hagen-Thorn Evgenia N. Kopatskaya Elena G. Larionova Daria A. Morozova Sergey S. Savchenko Ekaterina V. Shishkina Ivan S. Troitskiy Yulia V. Troitskaya Andrey A. Vasilyev Alexey V. Zhovtan Ioannis Myserlis Mark Gurwell Garrett Keating Ramprasad Rao Sincheol Kang Sang-Sung Lee Sanghyun Kim Whee Yeon Cheong Hyeon-Woo Jeong Emmanouil Angelakis Alexander Kraus Dmitry Blinov Siddharth Maharana Rumen Bachev Jenni Jormanainen Kari Nilsson Vandad Fallah Ramazani Carolina Casadio Antonio Fuentes Efthalia Traianou Clemens Thum José L. Gómez Lucio Angelo Antonelli Matteo Bachetti Luca Baldini Wayne H. Baumgartner Ronaldo Bellazzini Stefano Bianchi Stephen D. Bongiorno Raffaella Bonino Alessandro Brez Niccolò Bucciantini Fiamma Capitanio Simone Castellano Elisabetta Cavazzuti Chien-Ting Chen Stefano Ciprini Enrico Costa Alessandra De Rosa Ettore Del Monte Niccolò Di Lalla Alessandro Di Marco Immacolata Donnarumma Victor Doroshenko Michal Dovčiak Steven R. Ehlert Teruaki Enoto Yuri Evangelista Sergio Fabiani Riccardo Ferrazzoli Javier A. García Shuichi Gunji Kiyoshi Hayashida Jeremy Heyl Wataru Iwakiri Philip Kaaret Vladimir Karas Fabian Kislat Takao Kitaguchi Jeffery J. Kolodziejczak Henric Krawczynski Fabio La Monaca Luca Latronico Simone Maldera Alberto Manfreda Frédéric Marin Andrea Marinucci Francesco Massaro Giorgio Matt Ikuyuki Mitsuishi Tsunefumi Mizuno Fabio Muleri Michela Negro Chi-Yung Ng Stephen L. O’Dell Nicola Omodei Chiara Oppedisano Alessandro Papitto George G. Pavlov Abel L. Peirson Matteo Perri Melissa Pesce-Rollins Pierre-Olivier Petrucci Maura Pilia Andrea Possenti Juri Poutanen Simonetta Puccetti Brian D. Ramsey John Rankin Ajay Ratheesh Oliver J. Roberts Carmelo Sgrò Patrick Slane Paolo Soffitta Gloria Spandre Douglas A. Swartz Toru Tamagawa Fabrizio Tavecchio Roberto Taverna Yuzuru Tawara Allyn F. Tennant Nicholas E. Thomas Francesco Tombesi Alessio Trois Sergey S. Tsygankov Roberto Turolla Jacco Vink Martin C. Weisskopf Kinwah Wu Fei Xie Silvia Zane |
| author_facet | Iván Agudo Ioannis Liodakis Jorge Otero-Santos Riccardo Middei Alan Marscher Svetlana Jorstad Haocheng Zhang Hui Li Laura Di Gesu Roger W. Romani Dawoon E. Kim Francesco Fenu Herman L. Marshall Luigi Pacciani Juan Escudero Pedrosa Francisco José Aceituno Beatriz Agís-González Giacomo Bonnoli Víctor Casanova Daniel Morcuende Vilppu Piirola Alfredo Sota Pouya M. Kouch Elina Lindfors Callum McCall Helen E. Jermak Iain A. Steele George A. Borman Tatiana S. Grishina Vladimir A. Hagen-Thorn Evgenia N. Kopatskaya Elena G. Larionova Daria A. Morozova Sergey S. Savchenko Ekaterina V. Shishkina Ivan S. Troitskiy Yulia V. Troitskaya Andrey A. Vasilyev Alexey V. Zhovtan Ioannis Myserlis Mark Gurwell Garrett Keating Ramprasad Rao Sincheol Kang Sang-Sung Lee Sanghyun Kim Whee Yeon Cheong Hyeon-Woo Jeong Emmanouil Angelakis Alexander Kraus Dmitry Blinov Siddharth Maharana Rumen Bachev Jenni Jormanainen Kari Nilsson Vandad Fallah Ramazani Carolina Casadio Antonio Fuentes Efthalia Traianou Clemens Thum José L. Gómez Lucio Angelo Antonelli Matteo Bachetti Luca Baldini Wayne H. Baumgartner Ronaldo Bellazzini Stefano Bianchi Stephen D. Bongiorno Raffaella Bonino Alessandro Brez Niccolò Bucciantini Fiamma Capitanio Simone Castellano Elisabetta Cavazzuti Chien-Ting Chen Stefano Ciprini Enrico Costa Alessandra De Rosa Ettore Del Monte Niccolò Di Lalla Alessandro Di Marco Immacolata Donnarumma Victor Doroshenko Michal Dovčiak Steven R. Ehlert Teruaki Enoto Yuri Evangelista Sergio Fabiani Riccardo Ferrazzoli Javier A. García Shuichi Gunji Kiyoshi Hayashida Jeremy Heyl Wataru Iwakiri Philip Kaaret Vladimir Karas Fabian Kislat Takao Kitaguchi Jeffery J. Kolodziejczak Henric Krawczynski Fabio La Monaca Luca Latronico Simone Maldera Alberto Manfreda Frédéric Marin Andrea Marinucci Francesco Massaro Giorgio Matt Ikuyuki Mitsuishi Tsunefumi Mizuno Fabio Muleri Michela Negro Chi-Yung Ng Stephen L. O’Dell Nicola Omodei Chiara Oppedisano Alessandro Papitto George G. Pavlov Abel L. Peirson Matteo Perri Melissa Pesce-Rollins Pierre-Olivier Petrucci Maura Pilia Andrea Possenti Juri Poutanen Simonetta Puccetti Brian D. Ramsey John Rankin Ajay Ratheesh Oliver J. Roberts Carmelo Sgrò Patrick Slane Paolo Soffitta Gloria Spandre Douglas A. Swartz Toru Tamagawa Fabrizio Tavecchio Roberto Taverna Yuzuru Tawara Allyn F. Tennant Nicholas E. Thomas Francesco Tombesi Alessio Trois Sergey S. Tsygankov Roberto Turolla Jacco Vink Martin C. Weisskopf Kinwah Wu Fei Xie Silvia Zane |
| author_sort | Iván Agudo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Blazars, supermassive black hole systems with highly relativistic jets aligned with the line of sight, are the most powerful long-lived emitters of electromagnetic emission in the Universe. We report here on a radio-to-gamma-ray multiwavelength campaign on the blazar BL Lacertae with unprecedented polarimetric coverage from radio to X-ray wavelengths. The observations caught an extraordinary event on 2023 November 10–18, when the degree of linear polarization of optical synchrotron radiation reached a record value of 47.5%. In stark contrast, the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer found that the X-ray (Compton scattering or hadron-induced) emission was polarized at less than 7.4% (3 σ confidence level). We argue here that this observational result rules out a hadronic origin of the high-energy emission and strongly favors a leptonic (Compton scattering) origin, thereby breaking the degeneracy between hadronic and leptonic emission models for BL Lacertae and demonstrating the power of multiwavelength polarimetry to address this question. Furthermore, the multiwavelength flux and polarization variability, featuring an extremely prominent rise and decay of the optical polarization degree, is interpreted for the first time by the relaxation of a magnetic “spring” embedded in the newly injected plasma. This suggests that the plasma jet can maintain a predominant toroidal magnetic field component parsecs away from the central engine. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-bd754a4f79524f44b88c184e534757e1 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2041-8205 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal Letters |
| spelling | doaj-art-bd754a4f79524f44b88c184e534757e12025-08-20T03:12:24ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal Letters2041-82052025-01-019851L1510.3847/2041-8213/adc572High Optical-to-X-Ray Polarization Ratio Reveals Compton Scattering in BL Lacertae’s JetIván Agudo0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3777-6182Ioannis Liodakis1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9200-4006Jorge Otero-Santos2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4241-5875Riccardo Middei3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9815-9092Alan Marscher4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7396-3332Svetlana Jorstad5https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9522-5453Haocheng Zhang6https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9826-1759Hui Li7https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3556-6568Laura Di Gesu8https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5614-5028Roger W. Romani9https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6711-3286Dawoon E. Kim10https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5717-3736Francesco Fenu11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0313-8852Herman L. Marshall12https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6492-1293Luigi Pacciani13https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6897-5996Juan Escudero Pedrosa14https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4131-655XFrancisco José Aceituno15https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8074-4760Beatriz Agís-González16https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7702-8931Giacomo Bonnoli17https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2464-9077Víctor Casanova18https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2036-8999Daniel Morcuende19https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9400-0922Vilppu Piirola20https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-206XAlfredo Sota21https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9404-6952Pouya M. Kouch22https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9328-2750Elina Lindfors23https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9155-6199Callum McCall24https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3375-3397Helen E. Jermak25https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1197-8501Iain A. Steele26https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8397-5759George A. Borman27https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7262-6710Tatiana S. Grishina28https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3953-6676Vladimir A. Hagen-Thorn29https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6431-8590Evgenia N. Kopatskaya30https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9518-337XElena G. Larionova31https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2471-6500Daria A. Morozova32https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9407-7804Sergey S. Savchenko33https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4147-3851Ekaterina V. Shishkina34https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2440-2947Ivan S. Troitskiy35https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4218-0148Yulia V. Troitskaya36https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9907-9876Andrey A. Vasilyev37https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8293-0214Alexey V. Zhovtan38Ioannis Myserlis39https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3025-9497Mark Gurwell40https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0685-3621Garrett Keating41https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3490-146XRamprasad Rao42https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1407-7944Sincheol Kang43https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0112-4836Sang-Sung Lee44https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6269-594XSanghyun Kim45https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7556-8504Whee Yeon Cheong46https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1871-5824Hyeon-Woo Jeong47https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7629-8450Emmanouil Angelakis48https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7327-5441Alexander Kraus49https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4184-9372Dmitry Blinov50https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-5784Siddharth Maharana51https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7072-3904Rumen Bachev52Jenni Jormanainen53https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4519-7751Kari Nilsson54https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1445-8683Vandad Fallah Ramazani55https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8991-7744Carolina Casadio56https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1117-2863Antonio Fuentes57https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8773-4933Efthalia Traianou58https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1209-6500Clemens Thum59https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5292-6974José L. Gómez60Lucio Angelo Antonelli61https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5037-9034Matteo Bachetti62https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4576-9337Luca Baldini63https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9785-7726Wayne H. Baumgartner64https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5106-0463Ronaldo Bellazzini65https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2469-7063Stefano Bianchi66https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4622-4240Stephen D. 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Ehlert84https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4420-2838Teruaki Enoto85https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1244-3100Yuri Evangelista86https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6096-6710Sergio Fabiani87https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1533-0283Riccardo Ferrazzoli88https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-8605Javier A. García89https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3828-2448Shuichi Gunji90https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2445Kiyoshi Hayashida91Jeremy Heyl92https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9739-367XWataru Iwakiri93https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0207-9010Philip Kaaret94https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3638-0637Vladimir Karas95https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5760-0459Fabian Kislat96https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7477-0380Takao Kitaguchi97Jeffery J. 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Roberts129https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7150-9061Carmelo Sgrò130https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5676-6214Patrick Slane131https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6986-6756Paolo Soffitta132https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7781-4104Gloria Spandre133https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0802-3453Douglas A. Swartz134https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2954-4461Toru Tamagawa135https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8801-6263Fabrizio Tavecchio136https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0256-0995Roberto Taverna137https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1768-618XYuzuru Tawara138Allyn F. Tennant139https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9443-6774Nicholas E. Thomas140https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0411-4606Francesco Tombesi141https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6562-8654Alessio Trois142https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3180-6002Sergey S. Tsygankov143https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9679-0793Roberto Turolla144https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3977-8760Jacco Vink145https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4708-4219Martin C. Weisskopf146https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5270-4240Kinwah Wu147https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7568-8765Fei Xie148https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0105-5826Silvia Zane149https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5326-880XInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía , IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain ; iagudo@iaa.esNASA Marshall Space Flight Center , Huntsville, AL 35812, USA ; yannis.liodakis@gmail.com; Institute of Astrophysics , Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Voutes, 7110, Heraklion, GreeceInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía , IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain ; iagudo@iaa.es; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy ; jorge.otero@pd.infn.itSpace Science Data Center , Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, I-00133 Roma, Italy ; riccardo.middei@ssdc.asi.it; INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma , Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy; Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAInstitute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University , 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA ; marscher@bu.eduInstitute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University , 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA ; marscher@bu.edu; Saint Petersburg State University , 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, RussiaUniversity of Maryland Baltimore County , Baltimore, MD 21250, USA; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USATheoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USAASI - Agenzia Spaziale Italiana , Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, ItalyDepartment of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USAINAF , Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata” , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, ItalyASI - Agenzia Spaziale Italiana , Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, ItalyMIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research , Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USAINAF , Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, ItalyInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía , IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain ; iagudo@iaa.es; Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía , IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain ; iagudo@iaa.esInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía , IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain ; iagudo@iaa.es; Institute of Astrophysics , Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Voutes, 7110, Heraklion, GreeceInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía , IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain ; iagudo@iaa.es; INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera , Via E. Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate (LC), ItalyInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía , IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain ; iagudo@iaa.esInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía , IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain ; iagudo@iaa.esDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Quantum, Vesilinnantie 5, FI-20014 University of Turku , FinlandInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía , IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain ; iagudo@iaa.esDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Quantum, Vesilinnantie 5, FI-20014 University of Turku , Finland; Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), 20014, University of Turku , FinlandDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Quantum, Vesilinnantie 5, FI-20014 University of Turku , FinlandAstrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool Science Park IC 2, 146 Brownlow Hill, UKAstrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool Science Park IC 2, 146 Brownlow Hill, UKAstrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool Science Park IC 2, 146 Brownlow Hill, UKCrimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS , P/O Nauchny, 298409, Crimea, RussiaSaint Petersburg State University , 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, RussiaSaint Petersburg State University , 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, RussiaSaint Petersburg State University , 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, RussiaSaint Petersburg State University , 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, RussiaSaint Petersburg State University , 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, RussiaSaint Petersburg State University , 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia; Pulkovo Observatory , St. Petersburg, 196140, RussiaSaint Petersburg State University , 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, RussiaSaint Petersburg State University , 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, RussiaSaint Petersburg State University , 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, RussiaSaint Petersburg State University , 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, RussiaCrimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS , P/O Nauchny, 298409, Crimea, RussiaInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique , Avenida Divina Pastora, 7, Local 20, E-18012 Granada, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , 776 Daedeok-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , 776 Daedeok-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology , Korea, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of KoreaKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , 776 Daedeok-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology , Korea, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of KoreaKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , 776 Daedeok-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology , Korea, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of KoreaKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , 776 Daedeok-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology , Korea, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of KoreaOrchideenweg 8 , 53123 Bonn, GermanyMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyInstitute of Astrophysics , Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Voutes, 7110, Heraklion, Greece; Department of Physics, University of Crete , 70013, Heraklion, GreeceSouth African Astronomical Observatory , PO Box 9, Observatory, 7935, Cape Town, South AfricaInstitute of Astronomy and NAO , Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Quantum, Vesilinnantie 5, FI-20014 University of Turku , Finland; Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), 20014, University of Turku , FinlandFinnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), 20014, University of Turku , FinlandFinnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), 20014, University of Turku , Finland; Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory , Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, FinlandInstitute of Astrophysics , Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Voutes, 7110, Heraklion, Greece; Department of Physics, University of Crete , 70013, Heraklion, GreeceInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía , IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain ; iagudo@iaa.esInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía , IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain ; iagudo@iaa.esInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique , Avenida Divina Pastora, 7, Local 20, E-18012 Granada, SpainInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía , IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain ; iagudo@iaa.esINAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma , Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), ItalyINAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari , Via della Scienza 5, 09047 Selargius (CA), ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Pisa , Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, ItalyNASA Marshall Space Flight Center , Huntsville, AL 35812, USA ; yannis.liodakis@gmail.comIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, ItalyDipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Universitá degli Studi Roma Tre , Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, ItalyNASA Marshall Space Flight Center , Huntsville, AL 35812, USA ; yannis.liodakis@gmail.comIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, ItalyINAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri , Largo Enrico Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universitá degli Studi di Firenze , Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), ItalyINAF , Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, ItalyASI - Agenzia Spaziale Italiana , Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, ItalyScience and Technology Institute, Universities Space Research Association , Huntsville, AL 35805, USASpace Science Data Center , Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, I-00133 Roma, Italy ; riccardo.middei@ssdc.asi.it; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, ItalyINAF , Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, ItalyINAF , Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, ItalyINAF , Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, ItalyDepartment of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USAINAF , Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, ItalyASI - Agenzia Spaziale Italiana , Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, ItalyInstitut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen , Sand 1, 72076 Tübingen, GermanyAstronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Bočn(´ı) II 1401/1, 14100 Praha 4, Czech RepublicNASA Marshall Space Flight Center , Huntsville, AL 35812, USA ; yannis.liodakis@gmail.comRIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, JapanINAF , Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, ItalyINAF , Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, ItalyINAF , Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, ItalyNASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAYamagata University , 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata-shi 990-8560, JapanOsaka University , 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, JapanUniversity of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaInternational Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University , Chiba 263-8522, JapanNASA Marshall Space Flight Center , Huntsville, AL 35812, USA ; yannis.liodakis@gmail.comAstronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Bočn(´ı) II 1401/1, 14100 Praha 4, Czech RepublicDepartment of Physics and Astronomy and Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire , Durham, NH 03824, USARIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, JapanNASA Marshall Space Flight Center , Huntsville, AL 35812, USA ; yannis.liodakis@gmail.comPhysics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, MO 63130, USAINAF , Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata” , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Napoli, Strada Comunale Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, ItalyUniversité de Strasbourg , CNRS, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, FranceASI - Agenzia Spaziale Italiana , Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, ItalyDipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Universitá degli Studi Roma Tre , Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, ItalyGraduate School of Science, Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Nagoya University , Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, JapanHiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, JapanINAF , Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, ItalyDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USADepartment of Physics, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People's Republic of ChinaNASA Marshall Space Flight Center , Huntsville, AL 35812, USA ; yannis.liodakis@gmail.comDepartment of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USAIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, ItalyINAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma , Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), ItalyDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USADepartment of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USASpace Science Data Center , Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, I-00133 Roma, Italy ; riccardo.middei@ssdc.asi.it; INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma , Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, ItalyUniversité Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, FranceINAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari , Via della Scienza 5, 09047 Selargius (CA), ItalyINAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari , Via della Scienza 5, 09047 Selargius (CA), ItalyDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Quantum, Vesilinnantie 5, FI-20014 University of Turku , FinlandSpace Science Data Center , Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, I-00133 Roma, Italy ; riccardo.middei@ssdc.asi.itNASA Marshall Space Flight Center , Huntsville, AL 35812, USA ; yannis.liodakis@gmail.comINAF , Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, ItalyINAF , Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, ItalyScience and Technology Institute, Universities Space Research Association , Huntsville, AL 35805, USAIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, ItalyCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAINAF , Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, ItalyScience and Technology Institute, Universities Space Research Association , Huntsville, AL 35805, USARIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, JapanINAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera , Via E. Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate (LC), ItalyDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universitá degli Studi di Padova , Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, ItalyGraduate School of Science, Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Nagoya University , Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, JapanNASA Marshall Space Flight Center , Huntsville, AL 35812, USA ; yannis.liodakis@gmail.comNASA Marshall Space Flight Center , Huntsville, AL 35812, USA ; yannis.liodakis@gmail.comDipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata” , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, ItalyINAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari , Via della Scienza 5, 09047 Selargius (CA), ItalyDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Quantum, Vesilinnantie 5, FI-20014 University of Turku , FinlandDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universitá degli Studi di Padova , Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London , Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKAnton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy & GRAPPA, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The NetherlandsNASA Marshall Space Flight Center , Huntsville, AL 35812, USA ; yannis.liodakis@gmail.comMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London , Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKINAF , Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy; Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University , Nanning 530004, People’s Republic of ChinaMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London , Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKBlazars, supermassive black hole systems with highly relativistic jets aligned with the line of sight, are the most powerful long-lived emitters of electromagnetic emission in the Universe. We report here on a radio-to-gamma-ray multiwavelength campaign on the blazar BL Lacertae with unprecedented polarimetric coverage from radio to X-ray wavelengths. The observations caught an extraordinary event on 2023 November 10–18, when the degree of linear polarization of optical synchrotron radiation reached a record value of 47.5%. In stark contrast, the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer found that the X-ray (Compton scattering or hadron-induced) emission was polarized at less than 7.4% (3 σ confidence level). We argue here that this observational result rules out a hadronic origin of the high-energy emission and strongly favors a leptonic (Compton scattering) origin, thereby breaking the degeneracy between hadronic and leptonic emission models for BL Lacertae and demonstrating the power of multiwavelength polarimetry to address this question. Furthermore, the multiwavelength flux and polarization variability, featuring an extremely prominent rise and decay of the optical polarization degree, is interpreted for the first time by the relaxation of a magnetic “spring” embedded in the newly injected plasma. This suggests that the plasma jet can maintain a predominant toroidal magnetic field component parsecs away from the central engine.https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adc572Active galaxiesBL Lacertae objectsRelativistic jetsNon-thermal radiation sources |
| spellingShingle | Iván Agudo Ioannis Liodakis Jorge Otero-Santos Riccardo Middei Alan Marscher Svetlana Jorstad Haocheng Zhang Hui Li Laura Di Gesu Roger W. Romani Dawoon E. Kim Francesco Fenu Herman L. Marshall Luigi Pacciani Juan Escudero Pedrosa Francisco José Aceituno Beatriz Agís-González Giacomo Bonnoli Víctor Casanova Daniel Morcuende Vilppu Piirola Alfredo Sota Pouya M. Kouch Elina Lindfors Callum McCall Helen E. Jermak Iain A. Steele George A. Borman Tatiana S. Grishina Vladimir A. Hagen-Thorn Evgenia N. Kopatskaya Elena G. Larionova Daria A. Morozova Sergey S. Savchenko Ekaterina V. Shishkina Ivan S. Troitskiy Yulia V. Troitskaya Andrey A. Vasilyev Alexey V. Zhovtan Ioannis Myserlis Mark Gurwell Garrett Keating Ramprasad Rao Sincheol Kang Sang-Sung Lee Sanghyun Kim Whee Yeon Cheong Hyeon-Woo Jeong Emmanouil Angelakis Alexander Kraus Dmitry Blinov Siddharth Maharana Rumen Bachev Jenni Jormanainen Kari Nilsson Vandad Fallah Ramazani Carolina Casadio Antonio Fuentes Efthalia Traianou Clemens Thum José L. Gómez Lucio Angelo Antonelli Matteo Bachetti Luca Baldini Wayne H. Baumgartner Ronaldo Bellazzini Stefano Bianchi Stephen D. Bongiorno Raffaella Bonino Alessandro Brez Niccolò Bucciantini Fiamma Capitanio Simone Castellano Elisabetta Cavazzuti Chien-Ting Chen Stefano Ciprini Enrico Costa Alessandra De Rosa Ettore Del Monte Niccolò Di Lalla Alessandro Di Marco Immacolata Donnarumma Victor Doroshenko Michal Dovčiak Steven R. Ehlert Teruaki Enoto Yuri Evangelista Sergio Fabiani Riccardo Ferrazzoli Javier A. García Shuichi Gunji Kiyoshi Hayashida Jeremy Heyl Wataru Iwakiri Philip Kaaret Vladimir Karas Fabian Kislat Takao Kitaguchi Jeffery J. Kolodziejczak Henric Krawczynski Fabio La Monaca Luca Latronico Simone Maldera Alberto Manfreda Frédéric Marin Andrea Marinucci Francesco Massaro Giorgio Matt Ikuyuki Mitsuishi Tsunefumi Mizuno Fabio Muleri Michela Negro Chi-Yung Ng Stephen L. O’Dell Nicola Omodei Chiara Oppedisano Alessandro Papitto George G. Pavlov Abel L. Peirson Matteo Perri Melissa Pesce-Rollins Pierre-Olivier Petrucci Maura Pilia Andrea Possenti Juri Poutanen Simonetta Puccetti Brian D. Ramsey John Rankin Ajay Ratheesh Oliver J. Roberts Carmelo Sgrò Patrick Slane Paolo Soffitta Gloria Spandre Douglas A. Swartz Toru Tamagawa Fabrizio Tavecchio Roberto Taverna Yuzuru Tawara Allyn F. Tennant Nicholas E. Thomas Francesco Tombesi Alessio Trois Sergey S. Tsygankov Roberto Turolla Jacco Vink Martin C. Weisskopf Kinwah Wu Fei Xie Silvia Zane High Optical-to-X-Ray Polarization Ratio Reveals Compton Scattering in BL Lacertae’s Jet The Astrophysical Journal Letters Active galaxies BL Lacertae objects Relativistic jets Non-thermal radiation sources |
| title | High Optical-to-X-Ray Polarization Ratio Reveals Compton Scattering in BL Lacertae’s Jet |
| title_full | High Optical-to-X-Ray Polarization Ratio Reveals Compton Scattering in BL Lacertae’s Jet |
| title_fullStr | High Optical-to-X-Ray Polarization Ratio Reveals Compton Scattering in BL Lacertae’s Jet |
| title_full_unstemmed | High Optical-to-X-Ray Polarization Ratio Reveals Compton Scattering in BL Lacertae’s Jet |
| title_short | High Optical-to-X-Ray Polarization Ratio Reveals Compton Scattering in BL Lacertae’s Jet |
| title_sort | high optical to x ray polarization ratio reveals compton scattering in bl lacertae s jet |
| topic | Active galaxies BL Lacertae objects Relativistic jets Non-thermal radiation sources |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adc572 |
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