Roadmap for Designing Donor-<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold-sans-serif">π</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-Acceptor Fluorophores in UV-Vis and NIR Regions: Synthesis, Optical Properties and Applications
Donor acceptor (D-<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">π</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-A) fluorophore...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Biomolecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/15/1/119 |
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| _version_ | 1832588930007957504 |
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| author | Guliz Ersoy Maged Henary |
| author_facet | Guliz Ersoy Maged Henary |
| author_sort | Guliz Ersoy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Donor acceptor (D-<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">π</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-A) fluorophores containing a donor unit and an acceptor moiety at each end connected by a conjugated linker gained attention in the last decade due to their conjugated system and ease of tunability. These features make them good candidates for various applications such as bioimaging, photovoltaic devices and nonlinear optical materials. Upon excitation of the D-<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">π</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-A fluorophore, intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) occurs, and it polarizes the molecule resulting in the ‘push–pull’ system. The emission wavelengths of fluorophores can be altered from UV-vis to NIR region by modifying the donor unit, acceptor moiety and the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">π</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> linker between them. The NIR emitting fluorophores with restricted molecular rotations are used in aggregation-induced emission (AIE). D-<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">π</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-A fluorophores with carboxylic acid and cyano groups are preferred in photovoltaic applications, and fluorophores with large surface area are used for two photon absorbing applications. Herein, we report the synthesis, optical properties, and applications of various D-<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">π</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-A fluorophores in UV-vis and NIR region. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-bc9c420d314e4595b25a2f1d9919f4bc |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2218-273X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomolecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-bc9c420d314e4595b25a2f1d9919f4bc2025-01-24T13:25:16ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2025-01-0115111910.3390/biom15010119Roadmap for Designing Donor-<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold-sans-serif">π</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-Acceptor Fluorophores in UV-Vis and NIR Regions: Synthesis, Optical Properties and ApplicationsGuliz Ersoy0Maged Henary1Department of Chemistry, Molecular Basis of Disease, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USADepartment of Chemistry, Molecular Basis of Disease, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USADonor acceptor (D-<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">π</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-A) fluorophores containing a donor unit and an acceptor moiety at each end connected by a conjugated linker gained attention in the last decade due to their conjugated system and ease of tunability. These features make them good candidates for various applications such as bioimaging, photovoltaic devices and nonlinear optical materials. Upon excitation of the D-<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">π</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-A fluorophore, intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) occurs, and it polarizes the molecule resulting in the ‘push–pull’ system. The emission wavelengths of fluorophores can be altered from UV-vis to NIR region by modifying the donor unit, acceptor moiety and the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">π</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> linker between them. The NIR emitting fluorophores with restricted molecular rotations are used in aggregation-induced emission (AIE). D-<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">π</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-A fluorophores with carboxylic acid and cyano groups are preferred in photovoltaic applications, and fluorophores with large surface area are used for two photon absorbing applications. Herein, we report the synthesis, optical properties, and applications of various D-<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">π</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-A fluorophores in UV-vis and NIR region.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/15/1/119donor acceptorfluorophoresUV-visnear-infraredsynthesisoptical properties |
| spellingShingle | Guliz Ersoy Maged Henary Roadmap for Designing Donor-<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold-sans-serif">π</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-Acceptor Fluorophores in UV-Vis and NIR Regions: Synthesis, Optical Properties and Applications Biomolecules donor acceptor fluorophores UV-vis near-infrared synthesis optical properties |
| title | Roadmap for Designing Donor-<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold-sans-serif">π</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-Acceptor Fluorophores in UV-Vis and NIR Regions: Synthesis, Optical Properties and Applications |
| title_full | Roadmap for Designing Donor-<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold-sans-serif">π</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-Acceptor Fluorophores in UV-Vis and NIR Regions: Synthesis, Optical Properties and Applications |
| title_fullStr | Roadmap for Designing Donor-<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold-sans-serif">π</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-Acceptor Fluorophores in UV-Vis and NIR Regions: Synthesis, Optical Properties and Applications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Roadmap for Designing Donor-<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold-sans-serif">π</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-Acceptor Fluorophores in UV-Vis and NIR Regions: Synthesis, Optical Properties and Applications |
| title_short | Roadmap for Designing Donor-<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold-sans-serif">π</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-Acceptor Fluorophores in UV-Vis and NIR Regions: Synthesis, Optical Properties and Applications |
| title_sort | roadmap for designing donor inline formula math display inline semantics mrow mi mathvariant bold sans serif π mi mrow semantics math inline formula acceptor fluorophores in uv vis and nir regions synthesis optical properties and applications |
| topic | donor acceptor fluorophores UV-vis near-infrared synthesis optical properties |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/15/1/119 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gulizersoy roadmapfordesigningdonorinlineformulamathdisplayinlinesemanticsmrowmimathvariantboldsansserifpmimrowsemanticsmathinlineformulaacceptorfluorophoresinuvvisandnirregionssynthesisopticalpropertiesandapplications AT magedhenary roadmapfordesigningdonorinlineformulamathdisplayinlinesemanticsmrowmimathvariantboldsansserifpmimrowsemanticsmathinlineformulaacceptorfluorophoresinuvvisandnirregionssynthesisopticalpropertiesandapplications |