Evaluation of Machine Learning Algorithms for Classification of Visual Stimulation-Induced EEG Signals in 2D and 3D VR Videos
Backgrounds: Virtual reality (VR) has become a transformative technology with applications in gaming, education, healthcare, and psychotherapy. The subjective experiences in VR vary based on the virtual environment’s characteristics, and electroencephalography (EEG) is instrumental in assessing thes...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Mingliang Zuo Xiaoyu Chen Li Sui |
| author_facet | Mingliang Zuo Xiaoyu Chen Li Sui |
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| description | Backgrounds: Virtual reality (VR) has become a transformative technology with applications in gaming, education, healthcare, and psychotherapy. The subjective experiences in VR vary based on the virtual environment’s characteristics, and electroencephalography (EEG) is instrumental in assessing these differences. By analyzing EEG signals, researchers can explore the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive and emotional responses to VR stimuli. However, distinguishing EEG signals recorded by two-dimensional (2D) versus three-dimensional (3D) VR environments remains underexplored. Current research primarily utilizes power spectral density (PSD) features to differentiate between 2D and 3D VR conditions, but the potential of other feature parameters for enhanced discrimination is unclear. Additionally, the use of machine learning techniques to classify EEG signals from 2D and 3D VR using alternative features has not been thoroughly investigated, highlighting the need for further research to identify robust EEG features and effective classification methods. Methods: This study recorded EEG signals from participants exposed to 2D and 3D VR video stimuli to investigate the neural differences between these conditions. Key features extracted from the EEG data included PSD and common spatial patterns (CSPs), which capture frequency-domain and spatial-domain information, respectively. To evaluate classification performance, several classical machine learning algorithms were employed: ssupport vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), random forest (RF), naive Bayes, decision Tree, AdaBoost, and a voting classifier. The study systematically compared the classification performance of PSD and CSP features across these algorithms, providing a comprehensive analysis of their effectiveness in distinguishing EEG signals in response to 2D and 3D VR stimuli. Results: The study demonstrated that machine learning algorithms can effectively classify EEG signals recorded during watching 2D and 3D VR videos. CSP features outperformed PSD in classification accuracy, indicating their superior ability to capture EEG signals differences between the VR conditions. Among the machine learning algorithms, the Random Forest classifier achieved the highest accuracy at 95.02%, followed by KNN with 93.16% and SVM with 91.39%. The combination of CSP features with RF, KNN, and SVM consistently showed superior performance compared to other feature-algorithm combinations, underscoring the effectiveness of CSP and these algorithms in distinguishing EEG responses to different VR experiences. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that EEG signals recorded during watching 2D and 3D VR videos can be effectively classified using machine learning algorithms with extracted feature parameters. The findings highlight the superiority of CSP features over PSD in distinguishing EEG signals under different VR conditions, emphasizing CSP’s value in VR-induced EEG analysis. These results expand the application of feature-based machine learning methods in EEG studies and provide a foundation for future research into the brain cortical activity of VR experiences, supporting the broader use of machine learning in EEG-based analyses. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-bc0005319e6a4bdebd36db212760c33b |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-3425 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Brain Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-bc0005319e6a4bdebd36db212760c33b2025-01-24T13:25:53ZengMDPI AGBrain Sciences2076-34252025-01-011517510.3390/brainsci15010075Evaluation of Machine Learning Algorithms for Classification of Visual Stimulation-Induced EEG Signals in 2D and 3D VR VideosMingliang Zuo0Xiaoyu Chen1Li Sui2School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, ChinaSchool of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, ChinaSchool of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, ChinaBackgrounds: Virtual reality (VR) has become a transformative technology with applications in gaming, education, healthcare, and psychotherapy. The subjective experiences in VR vary based on the virtual environment’s characteristics, and electroencephalography (EEG) is instrumental in assessing these differences. By analyzing EEG signals, researchers can explore the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive and emotional responses to VR stimuli. However, distinguishing EEG signals recorded by two-dimensional (2D) versus three-dimensional (3D) VR environments remains underexplored. Current research primarily utilizes power spectral density (PSD) features to differentiate between 2D and 3D VR conditions, but the potential of other feature parameters for enhanced discrimination is unclear. Additionally, the use of machine learning techniques to classify EEG signals from 2D and 3D VR using alternative features has not been thoroughly investigated, highlighting the need for further research to identify robust EEG features and effective classification methods. Methods: This study recorded EEG signals from participants exposed to 2D and 3D VR video stimuli to investigate the neural differences between these conditions. Key features extracted from the EEG data included PSD and common spatial patterns (CSPs), which capture frequency-domain and spatial-domain information, respectively. To evaluate classification performance, several classical machine learning algorithms were employed: ssupport vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), random forest (RF), naive Bayes, decision Tree, AdaBoost, and a voting classifier. The study systematically compared the classification performance of PSD and CSP features across these algorithms, providing a comprehensive analysis of their effectiveness in distinguishing EEG signals in response to 2D and 3D VR stimuli. Results: The study demonstrated that machine learning algorithms can effectively classify EEG signals recorded during watching 2D and 3D VR videos. CSP features outperformed PSD in classification accuracy, indicating their superior ability to capture EEG signals differences between the VR conditions. Among the machine learning algorithms, the Random Forest classifier achieved the highest accuracy at 95.02%, followed by KNN with 93.16% and SVM with 91.39%. The combination of CSP features with RF, KNN, and SVM consistently showed superior performance compared to other feature-algorithm combinations, underscoring the effectiveness of CSP and these algorithms in distinguishing EEG responses to different VR experiences. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that EEG signals recorded during watching 2D and 3D VR videos can be effectively classified using machine learning algorithms with extracted feature parameters. The findings highlight the superiority of CSP features over PSD in distinguishing EEG signals under different VR conditions, emphasizing CSP’s value in VR-induced EEG analysis. These results expand the application of feature-based machine learning methods in EEG studies and provide a foundation for future research into the brain cortical activity of VR experiences, supporting the broader use of machine learning in EEG-based analyses.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/1/75machine learningvirtual realitypower spectral densitycommon spatial patternsrandom forests |
| spellingShingle | Mingliang Zuo Xiaoyu Chen Li Sui Evaluation of Machine Learning Algorithms for Classification of Visual Stimulation-Induced EEG Signals in 2D and 3D VR Videos Brain Sciences machine learning virtual reality power spectral density common spatial patterns random forests |
| title | Evaluation of Machine Learning Algorithms for Classification of Visual Stimulation-Induced EEG Signals in 2D and 3D VR Videos |
| title_full | Evaluation of Machine Learning Algorithms for Classification of Visual Stimulation-Induced EEG Signals in 2D and 3D VR Videos |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of Machine Learning Algorithms for Classification of Visual Stimulation-Induced EEG Signals in 2D and 3D VR Videos |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of Machine Learning Algorithms for Classification of Visual Stimulation-Induced EEG Signals in 2D and 3D VR Videos |
| title_short | Evaluation of Machine Learning Algorithms for Classification of Visual Stimulation-Induced EEG Signals in 2D and 3D VR Videos |
| title_sort | evaluation of machine learning algorithms for classification of visual stimulation induced eeg signals in 2d and 3d vr videos |
| topic | machine learning virtual reality power spectral density common spatial patterns random forests |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/1/75 |
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