Antioxidant and Laxative Effects of Methanol Extracts of Green Pine Cones (<i>Pinus densiflora</i>) in Sprague-Dawley Rats with Loperamide-Induced Constipation
Oxidative stress is the key cause of the etiopathogenesis of several diseases associated with constipation. This study examined whether the green pine cone can improve the symptoms of constipation based on the antioxidant activities. The changes in the key parameters for the antioxidant activity and...
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2024-12-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| author | Hee-Jin Song Ayun Seol Jumin Park Ji-Eun Kim Tae-Ryeol Kim Ki-Ho Park Eun-Seo Park Su-Jeong Lim Su-Ha Wang Ji-Eun Sung Youngwoo Choi Heeseob Lee Dae-Youn Hwang |
| author_facet | Hee-Jin Song Ayun Seol Jumin Park Ji-Eun Kim Tae-Ryeol Kim Ki-Ho Park Eun-Seo Park Su-Jeong Lim Su-Ha Wang Ji-Eun Sung Youngwoo Choi Heeseob Lee Dae-Youn Hwang |
| author_sort | Hee-Jin Song |
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| description | Oxidative stress is the key cause of the etiopathogenesis of several diseases associated with constipation. This study examined whether the green pine cone can improve the symptoms of constipation based on the antioxidant activities. The changes in the key parameters for the antioxidant activity and laxative effects were examined in the loperamide (Lop)-induced constipation of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats after being treated with the methanol extracts of green pine cone (MPC, unripe fruits of <i>Pinus densiflora</i>). MPC contained several bioactive compounds, including diterpenoid compounds such as dehydroabietic acid, taxodone, and ferruginol. In addition, it exhibited high scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals. These effects of MPC successfully reflected the improvement in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADP) H oxidase transcription, superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) phosphorylation levels in the mid colon of Lop+MPC-treated SD rats. Furthermore, significant improvements in the stool parameters, gastrointestinal (GI) transit, intestine length, and histopathological structure of the mid colon were detected in the Lop-induced constipation rats after MPC treatment. The other parameters, including the regulators for the adherens junction (AJ) and tight junction (TJ), and GI hormone secretion for laxative effects, were improved significantly in Lop+MPC-treated SD rats. These effects were also verified in Lop+MPC-treated primary rat intestine smooth muscle cells (pRISMCs) through analyses for antioxidant defense mechanisms. Overall, the finding of this study offers novel scientific evidence that MPC could be considered as a significant laxative for chronic constipation based on its antioxidant activity. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-bbe0da727e99464fbdbf3c9ba332597a |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
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| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj-art-bbe0da727e99464fbdbf3c9ba332597a2025-01-24T13:19:15ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212024-12-011413710.3390/antiox14010037Antioxidant and Laxative Effects of Methanol Extracts of Green Pine Cones (<i>Pinus densiflora</i>) in Sprague-Dawley Rats with Loperamide-Induced ConstipationHee-Jin Song0Ayun Seol1Jumin Park2Ji-Eun Kim3Tae-Ryeol Kim4Ki-Ho Park5Eun-Seo Park6Su-Jeong Lim7Su-Ha Wang8Ji-Eun Sung9Youngwoo Choi10Heeseob Lee11Dae-Youn Hwang12Department of Biomaterials Science (BK 21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biomaterials Science (BK 21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biomaterials Science (BK 21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biomaterials Science (BK 21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biomaterials Science (BK 21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biomaterials Science (BK 21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biomaterials Science (BK 21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biomaterials Science (BK 21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biomaterials Science (BK 21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biomaterials Science (BK 21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biomaterials Science (BK 21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of KoreaOxidative stress is the key cause of the etiopathogenesis of several diseases associated with constipation. This study examined whether the green pine cone can improve the symptoms of constipation based on the antioxidant activities. The changes in the key parameters for the antioxidant activity and laxative effects were examined in the loperamide (Lop)-induced constipation of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats after being treated with the methanol extracts of green pine cone (MPC, unripe fruits of <i>Pinus densiflora</i>). MPC contained several bioactive compounds, including diterpenoid compounds such as dehydroabietic acid, taxodone, and ferruginol. In addition, it exhibited high scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals. These effects of MPC successfully reflected the improvement in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADP) H oxidase transcription, superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) phosphorylation levels in the mid colon of Lop+MPC-treated SD rats. Furthermore, significant improvements in the stool parameters, gastrointestinal (GI) transit, intestine length, and histopathological structure of the mid colon were detected in the Lop-induced constipation rats after MPC treatment. The other parameters, including the regulators for the adherens junction (AJ) and tight junction (TJ), and GI hormone secretion for laxative effects, were improved significantly in Lop+MPC-treated SD rats. These effects were also verified in Lop+MPC-treated primary rat intestine smooth muscle cells (pRISMCs) through analyses for antioxidant defense mechanisms. Overall, the finding of this study offers novel scientific evidence that MPC could be considered as a significant laxative for chronic constipation based on its antioxidant activity.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/1/37pine conesditerpenoidsantioxidantsconstipationlaxative effectsstools |
| spellingShingle | Hee-Jin Song Ayun Seol Jumin Park Ji-Eun Kim Tae-Ryeol Kim Ki-Ho Park Eun-Seo Park Su-Jeong Lim Su-Ha Wang Ji-Eun Sung Youngwoo Choi Heeseob Lee Dae-Youn Hwang Antioxidant and Laxative Effects of Methanol Extracts of Green Pine Cones (<i>Pinus densiflora</i>) in Sprague-Dawley Rats with Loperamide-Induced Constipation Antioxidants pine cones diterpenoids antioxidants constipation laxative effects stools |
| title | Antioxidant and Laxative Effects of Methanol Extracts of Green Pine Cones (<i>Pinus densiflora</i>) in Sprague-Dawley Rats with Loperamide-Induced Constipation |
| title_full | Antioxidant and Laxative Effects of Methanol Extracts of Green Pine Cones (<i>Pinus densiflora</i>) in Sprague-Dawley Rats with Loperamide-Induced Constipation |
| title_fullStr | Antioxidant and Laxative Effects of Methanol Extracts of Green Pine Cones (<i>Pinus densiflora</i>) in Sprague-Dawley Rats with Loperamide-Induced Constipation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antioxidant and Laxative Effects of Methanol Extracts of Green Pine Cones (<i>Pinus densiflora</i>) in Sprague-Dawley Rats with Loperamide-Induced Constipation |
| title_short | Antioxidant and Laxative Effects of Methanol Extracts of Green Pine Cones (<i>Pinus densiflora</i>) in Sprague-Dawley Rats with Loperamide-Induced Constipation |
| title_sort | antioxidant and laxative effects of methanol extracts of green pine cones i pinus densiflora i in sprague dawley rats with loperamide induced constipation |
| topic | pine cones diterpenoids antioxidants constipation laxative effects stools |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/1/37 |
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