The effects of age and sex on reference intervals for cobalamin, homocysteine, and serum and urinary methylmalonic acid in healthy adult dogs
Abstract Background In dogs, data on reference intervals (RIs) for cobalamin, markers of metabolism (markersB12met), age and sex effects are limited. Hypothesis/Objectives Establish RI for serum cobalamin, homocysteine, and methylmalonic acid (sMMA) concentrations, urinary methylmalonic acid‐to‐crea...
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Wiley
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.17250 |
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| author | Anna‐Lena Proksch Sophia Schaefer Vanessa Dreller Judith Langenstein Ralph Fingerhut Natali Bauer Andreas Moritz |
| author_facet | Anna‐Lena Proksch Sophia Schaefer Vanessa Dreller Judith Langenstein Ralph Fingerhut Natali Bauer Andreas Moritz |
| author_sort | Anna‐Lena Proksch |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background In dogs, data on reference intervals (RIs) for cobalamin, markers of metabolism (markersB12met), age and sex effects are limited. Hypothesis/Objectives Establish RI for serum cobalamin, homocysteine, and methylmalonic acid (sMMA) concentrations, urinary methylmalonic acid‐to‐creatinine ratio (uMMA:crea), and determine effects of sex and age. Methods Prospective study using healthy dogs (1‐10 years). Cobalamin and markersB12met were determined using chemiluminescence immunoassay (cobalamin) and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (homocysteine, sMMA, uMMA:crea). In dogs with outlying data, changes in health, markersB12met, and onset of gastrointestinal signs were reevaluated after 9‐15 months. Results Twelve of 120 healthy dogs had abnormal uMMA:crea ratios. No other cobalamin analyte outliers were found. Outlying data re‐examination (odRE) was performed in 10/12 dogs. Chronic gastrointestinal signs occurred in 64% of odRE‐dogs, whereas 36% remained healthy. In total, 112 dogs (67 females, 45 males; median ages, 3.5 and 3.75 years, respectively) were included in RI analyses. Reference intervals were 178.5‐851 pmol/L (cobalamin), 5.8‐29.0 μmol/L (homocysteine), 45.3‐159.5 μg/L (sMMA), and ≤22.4 mg/g (uMMA:crea). Only age affected cobalamin concentrations (significant decrease). Compared by sex and neuter status, intact male dogs had significantly higher uMMA:crea ratios (median, 13.5; range, 1.9‐83.6 mg/g) than the other groups (median, 2.5; range, 0.7‐9.7 mg/g; P < .0001). Sex‐specific RI were ≤58.9 mg/g (intact male) vs ≤5.2 mg/g (females and neutered males). Conclusion and Clinical Importance Intact male dogs had significantly higher uMMA:crea ratios than the other groups. Thus, sex‐specific RI are recommended for uMMA:crea. Because of the wide distribution of uMMA:crea ratios, careful interpretation in intact male dogs is advised. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-bade33c7e89b4b5aa08e9267cc4a25a8 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 0891-6640 1939-1676 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
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| series | Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine |
| spelling | doaj-art-bade33c7e89b4b5aa08e9267cc4a25a82025-01-27T15:22:41ZengWileyJournal of Veterinary Internal Medicine0891-66401939-16762025-01-01391n/an/a10.1111/jvim.17250The effects of age and sex on reference intervals for cobalamin, homocysteine, and serum and urinary methylmalonic acid in healthy adult dogsAnna‐Lena Proksch0Sophia Schaefer1Vanessa Dreller2Judith Langenstein3Ralph Fingerhut4Natali Bauer5Andreas Moritz6Clinic for Small Animals, Internal Medicine, JLU Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 114 Giessen 35392 GermanyClinic for Small Animals, Internal Medicine, JLU Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 114 Giessen 35392 GermanyClinic for Small Animals, Internal Medicine, JLU Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 114 Giessen 35392 GermanyAntech Lab Germany GmbH, Gubener Str. 39 Augsburg 86156 GermanySYNLAB MVZ Weiden GmbH, Zur Kesselschmiede 4 Weiden 92637 GermanyClinic for Small Animals, Internal Medicine, JLU Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 114 Giessen 35392 GermanyClinic for Small Animals, Internal Medicine, JLU Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 114 Giessen 35392 GermanyAbstract Background In dogs, data on reference intervals (RIs) for cobalamin, markers of metabolism (markersB12met), age and sex effects are limited. Hypothesis/Objectives Establish RI for serum cobalamin, homocysteine, and methylmalonic acid (sMMA) concentrations, urinary methylmalonic acid‐to‐creatinine ratio (uMMA:crea), and determine effects of sex and age. Methods Prospective study using healthy dogs (1‐10 years). Cobalamin and markersB12met were determined using chemiluminescence immunoassay (cobalamin) and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (homocysteine, sMMA, uMMA:crea). In dogs with outlying data, changes in health, markersB12met, and onset of gastrointestinal signs were reevaluated after 9‐15 months. Results Twelve of 120 healthy dogs had abnormal uMMA:crea ratios. No other cobalamin analyte outliers were found. Outlying data re‐examination (odRE) was performed in 10/12 dogs. Chronic gastrointestinal signs occurred in 64% of odRE‐dogs, whereas 36% remained healthy. In total, 112 dogs (67 females, 45 males; median ages, 3.5 and 3.75 years, respectively) were included in RI analyses. Reference intervals were 178.5‐851 pmol/L (cobalamin), 5.8‐29.0 μmol/L (homocysteine), 45.3‐159.5 μg/L (sMMA), and ≤22.4 mg/g (uMMA:crea). Only age affected cobalamin concentrations (significant decrease). Compared by sex and neuter status, intact male dogs had significantly higher uMMA:crea ratios (median, 13.5; range, 1.9‐83.6 mg/g) than the other groups (median, 2.5; range, 0.7‐9.7 mg/g; P < .0001). Sex‐specific RI were ≤58.9 mg/g (intact male) vs ≤5.2 mg/g (females and neutered males). Conclusion and Clinical Importance Intact male dogs had significantly higher uMMA:crea ratios than the other groups. Thus, sex‐specific RI are recommended for uMMA:crea. Because of the wide distribution of uMMA:crea ratios, careful interpretation in intact male dogs is advised.https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.17250B12 metabolismcanineserumsexurinevitamin B12 |
| spellingShingle | Anna‐Lena Proksch Sophia Schaefer Vanessa Dreller Judith Langenstein Ralph Fingerhut Natali Bauer Andreas Moritz The effects of age and sex on reference intervals for cobalamin, homocysteine, and serum and urinary methylmalonic acid in healthy adult dogs Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine B12 metabolism canine serum sex urine vitamin B12 |
| title | The effects of age and sex on reference intervals for cobalamin, homocysteine, and serum and urinary methylmalonic acid in healthy adult dogs |
| title_full | The effects of age and sex on reference intervals for cobalamin, homocysteine, and serum and urinary methylmalonic acid in healthy adult dogs |
| title_fullStr | The effects of age and sex on reference intervals for cobalamin, homocysteine, and serum and urinary methylmalonic acid in healthy adult dogs |
| title_full_unstemmed | The effects of age and sex on reference intervals for cobalamin, homocysteine, and serum and urinary methylmalonic acid in healthy adult dogs |
| title_short | The effects of age and sex on reference intervals for cobalamin, homocysteine, and serum and urinary methylmalonic acid in healthy adult dogs |
| title_sort | effects of age and sex on reference intervals for cobalamin homocysteine and serum and urinary methylmalonic acid in healthy adult dogs |
| topic | B12 metabolism canine serum sex urine vitamin B12 |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.17250 |
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