Trade Costs of Pakistan with its Major Trading Partners: Measurement and its Determinants
Trade costs are cited as an important determinant of volume of trade. Higher trade cost is an obstacle to trade as it impedes the realization of gains from trade liberalisation. Determinants of trade costs of Pakistan for the period 2003-2012 with their major trading partners across Asia, European...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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National University of Sciences and Technology
2021-01-01
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| Series: | NUST Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://njssh.nust.edu.pk/index.php/njssh/article/view/24 |
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| _version_ | 1849334267297923072 |
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| author | Zafar Mahmood† Saba Altaf Shabana Noureen |
| author_facet | Zafar Mahmood† Saba Altaf Shabana Noureen |
| author_sort | Zafar Mahmood† |
| collection | DOAJ |
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Trade costs are cited as an important determinant of volume of trade. Higher trade cost is an obstacle to trade as it impedes the realization of gains from trade liberalisation. Determinants of trade costs of Pakistan for the period 2003-2012 with their major trading partners across Asia, European Union and North America are investigated. Several gravity type variables have been used as trade cost determinants. Trade costs for agricultural and non-agricultural sector are also calculated using a micro-founded trade costs measure. Estimates of trade costs equivalents show a declining trend of trade costs estimates over the period of study. Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square estimation of the model shows that tariff rates and distances between the trading partners increase the bilateral trade costs and thus adversely affect trade. Results show that improvements in port infrastructure and membership of free trade agreement significantly reduce the trade costs. Z-test shows that the effect of determinants of trade costs for agricultural and non-agricultural sectors is invariant. This paper recommends that the agreement on trade facilitation be implemented and reduce the red tape at border crossings to cut down the trade costs.
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ba02ebd7ea3b4eb7a7ec2ff4a4d4c7b7 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2520-503X 2523-0026 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | National University of Sciences and Technology |
| record_format | Article |
| series | NUST Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities |
| spelling | doaj-art-ba02ebd7ea3b4eb7a7ec2ff4a4d4c7b72025-08-20T03:45:36ZengNational University of Sciences and TechnologyNUST Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities2520-503X2523-00262021-01-0132Trade Costs of Pakistan with its Major Trading Partners: Measurement and its DeterminantsZafar Mahmood†Saba AltafShabana Noureen Trade costs are cited as an important determinant of volume of trade. Higher trade cost is an obstacle to trade as it impedes the realization of gains from trade liberalisation. Determinants of trade costs of Pakistan for the period 2003-2012 with their major trading partners across Asia, European Union and North America are investigated. Several gravity type variables have been used as trade cost determinants. Trade costs for agricultural and non-agricultural sector are also calculated using a micro-founded trade costs measure. Estimates of trade costs equivalents show a declining trend of trade costs estimates over the period of study. Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square estimation of the model shows that tariff rates and distances between the trading partners increase the bilateral trade costs and thus adversely affect trade. Results show that improvements in port infrastructure and membership of free trade agreement significantly reduce the trade costs. Z-test shows that the effect of determinants of trade costs for agricultural and non-agricultural sectors is invariant. This paper recommends that the agreement on trade facilitation be implemented and reduce the red tape at border crossings to cut down the trade costs. https://njssh.nust.edu.pk/index.php/njssh/article/view/24Trade CostsGravity ModelLiner Shipping Connectivity Index |
| spellingShingle | Zafar Mahmood† Saba Altaf Shabana Noureen Trade Costs of Pakistan with its Major Trading Partners: Measurement and its Determinants NUST Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Trade Costs Gravity Model Liner Shipping Connectivity Index |
| title | Trade Costs of Pakistan with its Major Trading Partners: Measurement and its Determinants |
| title_full | Trade Costs of Pakistan with its Major Trading Partners: Measurement and its Determinants |
| title_fullStr | Trade Costs of Pakistan with its Major Trading Partners: Measurement and its Determinants |
| title_full_unstemmed | Trade Costs of Pakistan with its Major Trading Partners: Measurement and its Determinants |
| title_short | Trade Costs of Pakistan with its Major Trading Partners: Measurement and its Determinants |
| title_sort | trade costs of pakistan with its major trading partners measurement and its determinants |
| topic | Trade Costs Gravity Model Liner Shipping Connectivity Index |
| url | https://njssh.nust.edu.pk/index.php/njssh/article/view/24 |
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