Source and Ecological Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Metals in Urban Riverine Sediments Using Multivariate Analytical and Statistical Tools
Multivariate and statistical tool advancements help to assess potential pollution threats, their geochemical distribution, and the competition between natural and anthropogenic influences, particularly on sediment contamination with potentially toxic metals (PTMs). For this, riverine sediments from...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Xiaojun Zheng Abdul Rehman Shan Zhong Shah Faisal Muhammad Mahroz Hussain Syeda Urooj Fatima Daolin Du |
| author_facet | Xiaojun Zheng Abdul Rehman Shan Zhong Shah Faisal Muhammad Mahroz Hussain Syeda Urooj Fatima Daolin Du |
| author_sort | Xiaojun Zheng |
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| description | Multivariate and statistical tool advancements help to assess potential pollution threats, their geochemical distribution, and the competition between natural and anthropogenic influences, particularly on sediment contamination with potentially toxic metals (PTMs). For this, riverine sediments from 25 locations along urban banksides of the River Ravi, Pakistan, were collected and analyzed to explore the distribution, pollution, ecological, and toxicity risk indices of PTMs like Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Sr, V, and Zn using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) technique. Additionally, techniques such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were employed to investigate the mineralogical and morphological aspects. The results indicated that mean concentrations (mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) of Cd (2.37), Cr (128), Hg (16.6), Pb (26.6), and Sb (2.44) were significantly higher than reference values given for upper continental crust (UCC) and world soil average (WSA), posing potential threats. Furthermore, the geochemical pollution indices showed that sediments were moderately polluted with Cd (<i>I</i><sub>geo</sub> = 2.37, EF = 12.1, and CF = 7.89) and extremely polluted with Hg (<i>I</i><sub>geo</sub> = 4.54, EF = 63.2, and CF = 41.41). Ecological and toxicity risks were calculated to be extremely high, using respective models, predominantly due to Hg (Er<sub>i</sub> = 1656 and ITRI = 91.6). SEM-EDS illustrated the small extent of anthropogenic particles having predominant concentrations of Zn, Fe, Pb, and Sr. Multivariate statistical analyses revealed significant associations between the concentrations of PTMs and the sampling locations, highlighting the anthropogenic contributions linked to local land-use characteristics. The present study concludes that River Ravi sediments exhibit moderate levels of Cd and extreme pollution by Hg, both of which contribute highly to extreme ecological and toxicity risks, influenced by both natural and anthropogenic contributions. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b84c79e105174e0f9af6c32f98759863 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2073-445X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-b84c79e105174e0f9af6c32f987598632025-01-24T13:37:37ZengMDPI AGLand2073-445X2024-12-011413210.3390/land14010032Source and Ecological Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Metals in Urban Riverine Sediments Using Multivariate Analytical and Statistical ToolsXiaojun Zheng0Abdul Rehman1Shan Zhong2Shah Faisal3Muhammad Mahroz Hussain4Syeda Urooj Fatima5Daolin Du6School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, ChinaSchool of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, ChinaSchool of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, ChinaDepartment of Environmental Engineering, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, ChinaCollege of Environment Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, ChinaInstitute of Environmental Studies, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, PakistanJingjiang College, Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, ChinaMultivariate and statistical tool advancements help to assess potential pollution threats, their geochemical distribution, and the competition between natural and anthropogenic influences, particularly on sediment contamination with potentially toxic metals (PTMs). For this, riverine sediments from 25 locations along urban banksides of the River Ravi, Pakistan, were collected and analyzed to explore the distribution, pollution, ecological, and toxicity risk indices of PTMs like Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Sr, V, and Zn using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) technique. Additionally, techniques such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were employed to investigate the mineralogical and morphological aspects. The results indicated that mean concentrations (mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) of Cd (2.37), Cr (128), Hg (16.6), Pb (26.6), and Sb (2.44) were significantly higher than reference values given for upper continental crust (UCC) and world soil average (WSA), posing potential threats. Furthermore, the geochemical pollution indices showed that sediments were moderately polluted with Cd (<i>I</i><sub>geo</sub> = 2.37, EF = 12.1, and CF = 7.89) and extremely polluted with Hg (<i>I</i><sub>geo</sub> = 4.54, EF = 63.2, and CF = 41.41). Ecological and toxicity risks were calculated to be extremely high, using respective models, predominantly due to Hg (Er<sub>i</sub> = 1656 and ITRI = 91.6). SEM-EDS illustrated the small extent of anthropogenic particles having predominant concentrations of Zn, Fe, Pb, and Sr. Multivariate statistical analyses revealed significant associations between the concentrations of PTMs and the sampling locations, highlighting the anthropogenic contributions linked to local land-use characteristics. The present study concludes that River Ravi sediments exhibit moderate levels of Cd and extreme pollution by Hg, both of which contribute highly to extreme ecological and toxicity risks, influenced by both natural and anthropogenic contributions.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/1/32riverine sedimentsmetal pollutionpollution indicesecological riskfood web contamination |
| spellingShingle | Xiaojun Zheng Abdul Rehman Shan Zhong Shah Faisal Muhammad Mahroz Hussain Syeda Urooj Fatima Daolin Du Source and Ecological Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Metals in Urban Riverine Sediments Using Multivariate Analytical and Statistical Tools Land riverine sediments metal pollution pollution indices ecological risk food web contamination |
| title | Source and Ecological Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Metals in Urban Riverine Sediments Using Multivariate Analytical and Statistical Tools |
| title_full | Source and Ecological Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Metals in Urban Riverine Sediments Using Multivariate Analytical and Statistical Tools |
| title_fullStr | Source and Ecological Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Metals in Urban Riverine Sediments Using Multivariate Analytical and Statistical Tools |
| title_full_unstemmed | Source and Ecological Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Metals in Urban Riverine Sediments Using Multivariate Analytical and Statistical Tools |
| title_short | Source and Ecological Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Metals in Urban Riverine Sediments Using Multivariate Analytical and Statistical Tools |
| title_sort | source and ecological risk assessment of potentially toxic metals in urban riverine sediments using multivariate analytical and statistical tools |
| topic | riverine sediments metal pollution pollution indices ecological risk food web contamination |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/1/32 |
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