Effects of Floral Characters on the Pollination Biology and Breeding System of <i>Iris setosa</i> (Iridaceae): A Cold-Tolerant Ornamental Species from Jilin Province
Floral phenology and features are intricately linked to pollinator behavior and pollination systems. <i>Iris setosa</i> is one of the ornamental irises of the family Iridaceae with beautiful flowers and leaves, and little research has been reported on its pollination biology. This study...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Xiyue Zhang Ruoqi Liu Lifei Chen Tianhao Pei Yu Gao Xi Lu Yunwei Zhou |
| author_facet | Xiyue Zhang Ruoqi Liu Lifei Chen Tianhao Pei Yu Gao Xi Lu Yunwei Zhou |
| author_sort | Xiyue Zhang |
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| description | Floral phenology and features are intricately linked to pollinator behavior and pollination systems. <i>Iris setosa</i> is one of the ornamental irises of the family Iridaceae with beautiful flowers and leaves, and little research has been reported on its pollination biology. This study analyzed how phenology, floral features, breeding systems, and pollinator visits affect reproductive success of <i>I. setosa</i> populations in Jilin Province. Field observations and pollination studies demonstrated that <i>I. setosa</i> reached the bud stage in late May, with an average flowering time of 30 days. The anthers were outwardly dehiscent toward the outer edge of the style branches. In herkogamy, the relative locations of the anthers and stigma remained unchanged during flower opening. The stamens matured first. The pollen was most viable and the stigmas were most receptive on the first day of flowering. The nectar had the maximum sugar content. The sexual reproduction system was mainly outcrossing, with some self-compatibility and a need for pollinators. After artificial self-pollination, fluorescent microscopy revealed the winding of pollen tubes. The predominant flower-visiting insects were <i>Apis mellifera</i>, <i>Megachile</i> sp., <i>Syrphus corollae</i>, <i>Episyrphus balteatus</i>, and <i>Lasioglossum</i> sp., among which <i>A. mellifera</i>, <i>Megachile</i> sp., and <i>Lasioglossum</i> sp. were effective pollinators. Understanding the pollination mechanisms and strategies of <i>I. setosa</i> provides basic reference data on the potential for reproduction, and conservation efforts. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b790b8daa9a048ae859682e620021a0b |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2079-7737 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
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| series | Biology |
| spelling | doaj-art-b790b8daa9a048ae859682e620021a0b2025-01-24T13:23:16ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372024-12-01141210.3390/biology14010002Effects of Floral Characters on the Pollination Biology and Breeding System of <i>Iris setosa</i> (Iridaceae): A Cold-Tolerant Ornamental Species from Jilin ProvinceXiyue Zhang0Ruoqi Liu1Lifei Chen2Tianhao Pei3Yu Gao4Xi Lu5Yunwei Zhou6College of Forestry and Grassland Science, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, ChinaCollege of Forestry and Grassland Science, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, ChinaCollege of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, ChinaCollege of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, ChinaFloral phenology and features are intricately linked to pollinator behavior and pollination systems. <i>Iris setosa</i> is one of the ornamental irises of the family Iridaceae with beautiful flowers and leaves, and little research has been reported on its pollination biology. This study analyzed how phenology, floral features, breeding systems, and pollinator visits affect reproductive success of <i>I. setosa</i> populations in Jilin Province. Field observations and pollination studies demonstrated that <i>I. setosa</i> reached the bud stage in late May, with an average flowering time of 30 days. The anthers were outwardly dehiscent toward the outer edge of the style branches. In herkogamy, the relative locations of the anthers and stigma remained unchanged during flower opening. The stamens matured first. The pollen was most viable and the stigmas were most receptive on the first day of flowering. The nectar had the maximum sugar content. The sexual reproduction system was mainly outcrossing, with some self-compatibility and a need for pollinators. After artificial self-pollination, fluorescent microscopy revealed the winding of pollen tubes. The predominant flower-visiting insects were <i>Apis mellifera</i>, <i>Megachile</i> sp., <i>Syrphus corollae</i>, <i>Episyrphus balteatus</i>, and <i>Lasioglossum</i> sp., among which <i>A. mellifera</i>, <i>Megachile</i> sp., and <i>Lasioglossum</i> sp. were effective pollinators. Understanding the pollination mechanisms and strategies of <i>I. setosa</i> provides basic reference data on the potential for reproduction, and conservation efforts.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/14/1/2flowering characteristicsbreeding systemflower-visiting insectspollinationflower development |
| spellingShingle | Xiyue Zhang Ruoqi Liu Lifei Chen Tianhao Pei Yu Gao Xi Lu Yunwei Zhou Effects of Floral Characters on the Pollination Biology and Breeding System of <i>Iris setosa</i> (Iridaceae): A Cold-Tolerant Ornamental Species from Jilin Province Biology flowering characteristics breeding system flower-visiting insects pollination flower development |
| title | Effects of Floral Characters on the Pollination Biology and Breeding System of <i>Iris setosa</i> (Iridaceae): A Cold-Tolerant Ornamental Species from Jilin Province |
| title_full | Effects of Floral Characters on the Pollination Biology and Breeding System of <i>Iris setosa</i> (Iridaceae): A Cold-Tolerant Ornamental Species from Jilin Province |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Floral Characters on the Pollination Biology and Breeding System of <i>Iris setosa</i> (Iridaceae): A Cold-Tolerant Ornamental Species from Jilin Province |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Floral Characters on the Pollination Biology and Breeding System of <i>Iris setosa</i> (Iridaceae): A Cold-Tolerant Ornamental Species from Jilin Province |
| title_short | Effects of Floral Characters on the Pollination Biology and Breeding System of <i>Iris setosa</i> (Iridaceae): A Cold-Tolerant Ornamental Species from Jilin Province |
| title_sort | effects of floral characters on the pollination biology and breeding system of i iris setosa i iridaceae a cold tolerant ornamental species from jilin province |
| topic | flowering characteristics breeding system flower-visiting insects pollination flower development |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/14/1/2 |
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