Exploring gene-phenotype relationships in GRIN-related neurodevelopmental disorders

Abstract The GRIN family is implicated in neurological disorders, such as global developmental delay (GDD) and epilepsy. We reviewed 31 patients with GRIN-related neurodevelopmental disorders at Seoul National University Hospital; all exhibited profound GDD, with 58.1% unable to walk independently a...

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Main Authors: Jong Ho Cha, Jee Min Kim, Hee-Jeong Yun, Hyungjin Chin, Hye Jin Kim, Woojoong Kim, Soo Yeon Kim, Byung Chan Lim, Ki Joong Kim, Seungbok Lee, Jong-Hee Chae
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-05-01
Series:npj Genomic Medicine
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41525-025-00499-z
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Summary:Abstract The GRIN family is implicated in neurological disorders, such as global developmental delay (GDD) and epilepsy. We reviewed 31 patients with GRIN-related neurodevelopmental disorders at Seoul National University Hospital; all exhibited profound GDD, with 58.1% unable to walk independently and 74.2% unable to speak meaningful words. In a pooled analysis with the GRIN portal data ( https://grin-portal.broadinstitute.org/ ), patients with missense or in-frame variants had significantly higher rates of profound GDD (74.3% vs. 30.4%, p < 0.001) and movement disorders (69.0% vs. 41.4%, p < 0.01) than those with protein-truncating variants. Furthermore, missense or in-frame variants in the M3 and M4 helices of the transmembrane domain were significantly associated with profound GDD (M3 helix: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 8.48; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.79–25.76; M4 helix: aOR 3.14; 95% CI 1.39–7.09) compared to those in other domains. Our findings highlight the importance of detailed variant characterization to inform personalized treatment strategies.
ISSN:2056-7944