1D hydrogen engine modeling to investigate air-fuel ratio, spark timing, and water injection effects on performance and emissions

Abstract This study presents a comprehensive 1D modeling and simulation of a hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine, focusing on the impacts of air-fuel ratio, spark timing, and water injection on performance and emissions. Using a single-cylinder BMW F650 GS engine as a baseline, simulations we...

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Main Authors: Omar Mohamed Saied, Mohamed Abdelwahab
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-05-01
Series:Scientific Reports
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-00952-0
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author Omar Mohamed Saied
Mohamed Abdelwahab
author_facet Omar Mohamed Saied
Mohamed Abdelwahab
author_sort Omar Mohamed Saied
collection DOAJ
description Abstract This study presents a comprehensive 1D modeling and simulation of a hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine, focusing on the impacts of air-fuel ratio, spark timing, and water injection on performance and emissions. Using a single-cylinder BMW F650 GS engine as a baseline, simulations were conducted in Ricardo WAVE to evaluate engine behavior under varying conditions. Results demonstrate that hydrogen fueling reduces CO emissions to negligible levels but increases NOx emissions under specific conditions due to elevated combustion temperatures. Water injection effectively mitigates NOx formation and enhances volumetric efficiency while slightly compromising power output at high hydrogen-to-water ratios. The findings highlight hydrogen’s potential as a sustainable fuel for internal combustion engines and underline the importance of optimizing operating parameters to balance performance, efficiency, and emissions. This research contributes valuable insights into the development of cleaner, hydrogen-powered transportation solutions.
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spelling doaj-art-b6d8a7b878e84e628b7ccaee53e5b1c22025-08-20T01:51:27ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-05-0115111910.1038/s41598-025-00952-01D hydrogen engine modeling to investigate air-fuel ratio, spark timing, and water injection effects on performance and emissionsOmar Mohamed Saied0Mohamed Abdelwahab1Automotive Mechatronics Department, Faculty of Engineering, German International UniversityAutomotive Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams UniversityAbstract This study presents a comprehensive 1D modeling and simulation of a hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine, focusing on the impacts of air-fuel ratio, spark timing, and water injection on performance and emissions. Using a single-cylinder BMW F650 GS engine as a baseline, simulations were conducted in Ricardo WAVE to evaluate engine behavior under varying conditions. Results demonstrate that hydrogen fueling reduces CO emissions to negligible levels but increases NOx emissions under specific conditions due to elevated combustion temperatures. Water injection effectively mitigates NOx formation and enhances volumetric efficiency while slightly compromising power output at high hydrogen-to-water ratios. The findings highlight hydrogen’s potential as a sustainable fuel for internal combustion engines and underline the importance of optimizing operating parameters to balance performance, efficiency, and emissions. This research contributes valuable insights into the development of cleaner, hydrogen-powered transportation solutions.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-00952-0
spellingShingle Omar Mohamed Saied
Mohamed Abdelwahab
1D hydrogen engine modeling to investigate air-fuel ratio, spark timing, and water injection effects on performance and emissions
Scientific Reports
title 1D hydrogen engine modeling to investigate air-fuel ratio, spark timing, and water injection effects on performance and emissions
title_full 1D hydrogen engine modeling to investigate air-fuel ratio, spark timing, and water injection effects on performance and emissions
title_fullStr 1D hydrogen engine modeling to investigate air-fuel ratio, spark timing, and water injection effects on performance and emissions
title_full_unstemmed 1D hydrogen engine modeling to investigate air-fuel ratio, spark timing, and water injection effects on performance and emissions
title_short 1D hydrogen engine modeling to investigate air-fuel ratio, spark timing, and water injection effects on performance and emissions
title_sort 1d hydrogen engine modeling to investigate air fuel ratio spark timing and water injection effects on performance and emissions
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-00952-0
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AT mohamedabdelwahab 1dhydrogenenginemodelingtoinvestigateairfuelratiosparktimingandwaterinjectioneffectsonperformanceandemissions