Beyond LDL cholesterol: remnant cholesterol is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in children
Abstract Background Recent evidence from both randomized controlled trials and cohort studies in adults suggests that plasma remnant cholesterol (RC) levels predict cardiovascular disease. In children, studies are scarce, although high levels of RC might represent a marker of early atherosclerotic d...
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BMC
2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-03859-9 |
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| author | Ana Torres-Costoso Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno Andreia Oliveira Mairena Sánchez-López Eva Rodríguez-Gutiérrez Sergio Núñez de Arenas-Arroyo Montserrat Solera-Martínez Blanca Notario-Pacheco Vanessa Martínez-Madrid Arthur Eumann Mesas |
| author_facet | Ana Torres-Costoso Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno Andreia Oliveira Mairena Sánchez-López Eva Rodríguez-Gutiérrez Sergio Núñez de Arenas-Arroyo Montserrat Solera-Martínez Blanca Notario-Pacheco Vanessa Martínez-Madrid Arthur Eumann Mesas |
| author_sort | Ana Torres-Costoso |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Recent evidence from both randomized controlled trials and cohort studies in adults suggests that plasma remnant cholesterol (RC) levels predict cardiovascular disease. In children, studies are scarce, although high levels of RC might represent a marker of early atherosclerotic damage. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the cardiometabolic risk associated with RC, which extends beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) in children. Methods Cardiometabolic risk factors (plasma insulin levels, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), waist circumference (WC), and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF)) were examined in 3417 Spanish schoolchildren aged 8–11 years. The children were categorized into four subgroups (low vs. high) based on the cutoff of ≥ 110 mg/dL for LDL-c and of ≥ 15 mg/dL for RC to define higher levels, and ANCOVA models were applied to assess the role of both lipid parameters in cardiometabolic risk. Additionally, multilevel mixed-effects generalized linear regression models were used to assess the associations of RC or LDL-c with cardiometabolic risk factors and to examine whether the associations between RC and these factors varied in children with low or high LDL-c levels. Results Children in the high-RC subgroups, specifically those with low LDL-c/high RC and high LDL-c/high RC, presented significantly greater insulin levels and WC than did their peers in the low-RC subgroups. RC was more strongly associated with cardiometabolic risk factors than LDL-c (insulin β = 2.073/ − 0.026; HOMA-IR β = 0.451/ − 0.002; MAP β = 1.214/0.300; WC β = 2.842/1.058; and CRF β = − 0.316/ − 0.194 for RC and LDL-c, respectively). Furthermore, RC exhibited associations even in children with low LDL-c levels: insulin (β = 2.305; p < 0.001), HOMA-IR (β = 0.499; p < 0.001), MAP (β = 1.397, p < 0.001), WC (β = 2.842; p < 0.001), and CRF (β = − 0.367; p < 0.001). Conclusions The associations between RC and cardiometabolic risk factors were stronger than those between LDL-c and cardiometabolic risk, extending its significance even in children with low LDL-c levels. These findings may be clinically useful for cardiovascular risk stratification and for guiding future interventions in children, although they should be confirmed by longitudinal studies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b6a583cf735b488ab0194b093bda5023 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1741-7015 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
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| series | BMC Medicine |
| spelling | doaj-art-b6a583cf735b488ab0194b093bda50232025-01-26T12:37:14ZengBMCBMC Medicine1741-70152025-01-0123111210.1186/s12916-025-03859-9Beyond LDL cholesterol: remnant cholesterol is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in childrenAna Torres-Costoso0Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno1Andreia Oliveira2Mairena Sánchez-López3Eva Rodríguez-Gutiérrez4Sergio Núñez de Arenas-Arroyo5Montserrat Solera-Martínez6Blanca Notario-Pacheco7Vanessa Martínez-Madrid8Arthur Eumann Mesas9Faculty of Physiotherapy and Nursing, Universidad de Castilla-La ManchaHealth and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La ManchaEPIUnit-Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade Do Porto (Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto)Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La ManchaHealth and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La ManchaHealth and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La ManchaHealth and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La ManchaHealth and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La ManchaClinical Laboratory Department, Hospital Virgen de La LuzHealth and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La ManchaAbstract Background Recent evidence from both randomized controlled trials and cohort studies in adults suggests that plasma remnant cholesterol (RC) levels predict cardiovascular disease. In children, studies are scarce, although high levels of RC might represent a marker of early atherosclerotic damage. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the cardiometabolic risk associated with RC, which extends beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) in children. Methods Cardiometabolic risk factors (plasma insulin levels, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), waist circumference (WC), and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF)) were examined in 3417 Spanish schoolchildren aged 8–11 years. The children were categorized into four subgroups (low vs. high) based on the cutoff of ≥ 110 mg/dL for LDL-c and of ≥ 15 mg/dL for RC to define higher levels, and ANCOVA models were applied to assess the role of both lipid parameters in cardiometabolic risk. Additionally, multilevel mixed-effects generalized linear regression models were used to assess the associations of RC or LDL-c with cardiometabolic risk factors and to examine whether the associations between RC and these factors varied in children with low or high LDL-c levels. Results Children in the high-RC subgroups, specifically those with low LDL-c/high RC and high LDL-c/high RC, presented significantly greater insulin levels and WC than did their peers in the low-RC subgroups. RC was more strongly associated with cardiometabolic risk factors than LDL-c (insulin β = 2.073/ − 0.026; HOMA-IR β = 0.451/ − 0.002; MAP β = 1.214/0.300; WC β = 2.842/1.058; and CRF β = − 0.316/ − 0.194 for RC and LDL-c, respectively). Furthermore, RC exhibited associations even in children with low LDL-c levels: insulin (β = 2.305; p < 0.001), HOMA-IR (β = 0.499; p < 0.001), MAP (β = 1.397, p < 0.001), WC (β = 2.842; p < 0.001), and CRF (β = − 0.367; p < 0.001). Conclusions The associations between RC and cardiometabolic risk factors were stronger than those between LDL-c and cardiometabolic risk, extending its significance even in children with low LDL-c levels. These findings may be clinically useful for cardiovascular risk stratification and for guiding future interventions in children, although they should be confirmed by longitudinal studies.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-03859-9Cardiovascular diseaseHDL-cholesterolTriglyceride-rich lipoproteinsChildhood |
| spellingShingle | Ana Torres-Costoso Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno Andreia Oliveira Mairena Sánchez-López Eva Rodríguez-Gutiérrez Sergio Núñez de Arenas-Arroyo Montserrat Solera-Martínez Blanca Notario-Pacheco Vanessa Martínez-Madrid Arthur Eumann Mesas Beyond LDL cholesterol: remnant cholesterol is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in children BMC Medicine Cardiovascular disease HDL-cholesterol Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins Childhood |
| title | Beyond LDL cholesterol: remnant cholesterol is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in children |
| title_full | Beyond LDL cholesterol: remnant cholesterol is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in children |
| title_fullStr | Beyond LDL cholesterol: remnant cholesterol is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in children |
| title_full_unstemmed | Beyond LDL cholesterol: remnant cholesterol is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in children |
| title_short | Beyond LDL cholesterol: remnant cholesterol is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in children |
| title_sort | beyond ldl cholesterol remnant cholesterol is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in children |
| topic | Cardiovascular disease HDL-cholesterol Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins Childhood |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-03859-9 |
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