High-Throughput 16 S rRNA Gene Sequencing Reveals Bacterial Diversity of Infant Formula Production Line Samples in Spring and Summer
The trend of low breastfeeding rates increases the demand for infant milk formula (IMF) worldwide, but the use of IMF may be one of the causes of bacterial infections in infants. Complete sterility in the whole production line of IMF cannot be guaranteed; therefore, it is necessary to closely monito...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Food Quality |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6079404 |
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| author | Xian Li Yongbo Li Yalun Zhang Rui Zhang Hui Wang Tao Zhang Taotao Yan Zilun Zhang Guohua Shi Wei Zhou |
| author_facet | Xian Li Yongbo Li Yalun Zhang Rui Zhang Hui Wang Tao Zhang Taotao Yan Zilun Zhang Guohua Shi Wei Zhou |
| author_sort | Xian Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The trend of low breastfeeding rates increases the demand for infant milk formula (IMF) worldwide, but the use of IMF may be one of the causes of bacterial infections in infants. Complete sterility in the whole production line of IMF cannot be guaranteed; therefore, it is necessary to closely monitor the microbial content in the process. In the present study, an IMF powder production line based on the wet mixing process was sampled at 27 suspicious points in spring and summer to analyze the bacterial diversity by high-throughput sequencing. We found that 70 and 69 different bacterial phyla were present in spring and summer samples, respectively, with Proteobacteria and Firmicutes being the dominant phyla (>80% relative abundance). Moreover, 13 dominant genera each were present in spring (e. g., Pseudomonas and Lactococcus) and summer (e. g., Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Streptococcus). Samples associated with workers showed higher bacterial species diversity (Shannon index) and richness (Chao1 index) in summer than in spring. The bacterial community composition showed high similarity between liquid milk after pasteurization and concentrated milk after evaporation. The potential bacterial pathogens were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa in spring and Acinetobacter baumannii in summer. Through retrospective analysis of the two opportunistic pathogens identified, it was found that the workshop environment was the potential contamination point in spring, whereas the auxiliary ingredients were the potential source of contamination in summer. The results highlight the effect of season on bacterial diversity associated with the production process of IMF and are useful in controlling the microbial quality and safety of infant dairy products. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b4193e38cbcf486c9b942bdfaaacfa22 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1745-4557 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Food Quality |
| spelling | doaj-art-b4193e38cbcf486c9b942bdfaaacfa222025-02-03T01:20:34ZengWileyJournal of Food Quality1745-45572022-01-01202210.1155/2022/6079404High-Throughput 16 S rRNA Gene Sequencing Reveals Bacterial Diversity of Infant Formula Production Line Samples in Spring and SummerXian Li0Yongbo Li1Yalun Zhang2Rui Zhang3Hui Wang4Tao Zhang5Taotao Yan6Zilun Zhang7Guohua Shi8Wei Zhou9Hebei Food Inspection and Research InstituteHebei Food Inspection and Research InstituteHebei Food Inspection and Research InstituteHebei Food Inspection and Research InstituteHebei Food Inspection and Research InstituteHebei Food Inspection and Research InstituteHebei Food Inspection and Research InstituteHebei Food Inspection and Research InstituteHebei Food Inspection and Research InstituteHebei Food Inspection and Research InstituteThe trend of low breastfeeding rates increases the demand for infant milk formula (IMF) worldwide, but the use of IMF may be one of the causes of bacterial infections in infants. Complete sterility in the whole production line of IMF cannot be guaranteed; therefore, it is necessary to closely monitor the microbial content in the process. In the present study, an IMF powder production line based on the wet mixing process was sampled at 27 suspicious points in spring and summer to analyze the bacterial diversity by high-throughput sequencing. We found that 70 and 69 different bacterial phyla were present in spring and summer samples, respectively, with Proteobacteria and Firmicutes being the dominant phyla (>80% relative abundance). Moreover, 13 dominant genera each were present in spring (e. g., Pseudomonas and Lactococcus) and summer (e. g., Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Streptococcus). Samples associated with workers showed higher bacterial species diversity (Shannon index) and richness (Chao1 index) in summer than in spring. The bacterial community composition showed high similarity between liquid milk after pasteurization and concentrated milk after evaporation. The potential bacterial pathogens were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa in spring and Acinetobacter baumannii in summer. Through retrospective analysis of the two opportunistic pathogens identified, it was found that the workshop environment was the potential contamination point in spring, whereas the auxiliary ingredients were the potential source of contamination in summer. The results highlight the effect of season on bacterial diversity associated with the production process of IMF and are useful in controlling the microbial quality and safety of infant dairy products.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6079404 |
| spellingShingle | Xian Li Yongbo Li Yalun Zhang Rui Zhang Hui Wang Tao Zhang Taotao Yan Zilun Zhang Guohua Shi Wei Zhou High-Throughput 16 S rRNA Gene Sequencing Reveals Bacterial Diversity of Infant Formula Production Line Samples in Spring and Summer Journal of Food Quality |
| title | High-Throughput 16 S rRNA Gene Sequencing Reveals Bacterial Diversity of Infant Formula Production Line Samples in Spring and Summer |
| title_full | High-Throughput 16 S rRNA Gene Sequencing Reveals Bacterial Diversity of Infant Formula Production Line Samples in Spring and Summer |
| title_fullStr | High-Throughput 16 S rRNA Gene Sequencing Reveals Bacterial Diversity of Infant Formula Production Line Samples in Spring and Summer |
| title_full_unstemmed | High-Throughput 16 S rRNA Gene Sequencing Reveals Bacterial Diversity of Infant Formula Production Line Samples in Spring and Summer |
| title_short | High-Throughput 16 S rRNA Gene Sequencing Reveals Bacterial Diversity of Infant Formula Production Line Samples in Spring and Summer |
| title_sort | high throughput 16 s rrna gene sequencing reveals bacterial diversity of infant formula production line samples in spring and summer |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6079404 |
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