Treatment outcomes and considerations for topical immunotherapy in patients with alopecia totalis and alopecia universalis

BackgroundAlopecia areata (AA) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder causing non-scarring hair loss. Severe forms like alopecia totalis (AT) and alopecia universalis (AU) pose therapeutic difficult situations. Topical immunotherapy with squaric acid dibutylester (SADBE) and diphenylcyclopropenone (D...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Taiyo Hitaka, Sanehito Haruyama, Shun Ohmori, Natsuko Saito-Sasaki, Etsuko Okada, Motonobu Nakamura, Yu Sawada
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Series:Frontiers in Medicine
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2025.1573929/full
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