Spatiotemporal Variation and Driving Factors of Carbon Sequestration Rate in Terrestrial Ecosystems of Ningxia, China
This study investigates the spatiotemporal variation characteristics and influencing factors of an ecosystem’s carbon sequestration rate (CSR) in the Ningxia region from 2001 to 2023, providing scientific evidence for assessing the regional carbon sequestration capacity and formulating carbon neutra...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Yi Zhang Chunxiao Cheng Zhihui Wang Hongxin Hai Lulu Miao |
| author_facet | Yi Zhang Chunxiao Cheng Zhihui Wang Hongxin Hai Lulu Miao |
| author_sort | Yi Zhang |
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| description | This study investigates the spatiotemporal variation characteristics and influencing factors of an ecosystem’s carbon sequestration rate (CSR) in the Ningxia region from 2001 to 2023, providing scientific evidence for assessing the regional carbon sequestration capacity and formulating carbon neutrality policies. Based on ground observation data and multimodal datasets, the optimal machine learning model (EXT) was used to invert a 30 m high-resolution vegetation and soil carbon density dataset for Ningxia from 2000 to 2023. Annual variation analysis and geographical detector methods were employed to assess the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of the CSR from 2001 to 2023 and identify the primary influencing factors. The results show that from 2001 to 2023, the CSR of the Ningxia ecosystem exhibits a spatial distribution pattern characterized by higher values in the south and lower values in the north, with a mean value of 21.95 gC·m<sup>−2</sup>, and an overall fluctuating increasing trend, with an annual growth rate of 0.53 gC·m<sup>−2</sup> a<sup>−1</sup>. Significant differences in the CSR exist across different ecological regions. In terms of land use types, the ranking of carbon sequestration capacity is forest > farmland > grassland > barren, while the ranking of the carbon sequestration enhancement capacity is farmland > forest > grassland > barren. Among land use change types, the carbon sequestration enhancement capacity significantly increased when grassland was converted to forest or shrubland, farmland to forest–grassland, and bare land to forest–grassland, with increases of 42.9%, 9.2%, and 34.6%, respectively. The NDVI is the primary driver of CSR spatiotemporal variation, while the interaction between the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and soil bulk density has a more significant explanatory power for CSR spatial differentiation. This study shows that ecological restoration projects, such as the conversion of cropland to forest (or grassland) and protective farmland measures, play a significant role in enhancing the carbon sequestration capacity in Ningxia. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2073-445X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-b26fa2934ce2406f860e3bb6dff5641f2025-01-24T13:37:52ZengMDPI AGLand2073-445X2025-01-011419410.3390/land14010094Spatiotemporal Variation and Driving Factors of Carbon Sequestration Rate in Terrestrial Ecosystems of Ningxia, ChinaYi Zhang0Chunxiao Cheng1Zhihui Wang2Hongxin Hai3Lulu Miao4Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Water Resources, Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Yellow River Conservancy Commission, Zhengzhou 450003, ChinaKey Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Water Resources, Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Yellow River Conservancy Commission, Zhengzhou 450003, ChinaKey Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Water Resources, Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Yellow River Conservancy Commission, Zhengzhou 450003, ChinaKey Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Water Resources, Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Yellow River Conservancy Commission, Zhengzhou 450003, ChinaKey Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Water Resources, Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Yellow River Conservancy Commission, Zhengzhou 450003, ChinaThis study investigates the spatiotemporal variation characteristics and influencing factors of an ecosystem’s carbon sequestration rate (CSR) in the Ningxia region from 2001 to 2023, providing scientific evidence for assessing the regional carbon sequestration capacity and formulating carbon neutrality policies. Based on ground observation data and multimodal datasets, the optimal machine learning model (EXT) was used to invert a 30 m high-resolution vegetation and soil carbon density dataset for Ningxia from 2000 to 2023. Annual variation analysis and geographical detector methods were employed to assess the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of the CSR from 2001 to 2023 and identify the primary influencing factors. The results show that from 2001 to 2023, the CSR of the Ningxia ecosystem exhibits a spatial distribution pattern characterized by higher values in the south and lower values in the north, with a mean value of 21.95 gC·m<sup>−2</sup>, and an overall fluctuating increasing trend, with an annual growth rate of 0.53 gC·m<sup>−2</sup> a<sup>−1</sup>. Significant differences in the CSR exist across different ecological regions. In terms of land use types, the ranking of carbon sequestration capacity is forest > farmland > grassland > barren, while the ranking of the carbon sequestration enhancement capacity is farmland > forest > grassland > barren. Among land use change types, the carbon sequestration enhancement capacity significantly increased when grassland was converted to forest or shrubland, farmland to forest–grassland, and bare land to forest–grassland, with increases of 42.9%, 9.2%, and 34.6%, respectively. The NDVI is the primary driver of CSR spatiotemporal variation, while the interaction between the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and soil bulk density has a more significant explanatory power for CSR spatial differentiation. This study shows that ecological restoration projects, such as the conversion of cropland to forest (or grassland) and protective farmland measures, play a significant role in enhancing the carbon sequestration capacity in Ningxia.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/1/94carbon sequestration ratespatio-temporalNingxia |
| spellingShingle | Yi Zhang Chunxiao Cheng Zhihui Wang Hongxin Hai Lulu Miao Spatiotemporal Variation and Driving Factors of Carbon Sequestration Rate in Terrestrial Ecosystems of Ningxia, China Land carbon sequestration rate spatio-temporal Ningxia |
| title | Spatiotemporal Variation and Driving Factors of Carbon Sequestration Rate in Terrestrial Ecosystems of Ningxia, China |
| title_full | Spatiotemporal Variation and Driving Factors of Carbon Sequestration Rate in Terrestrial Ecosystems of Ningxia, China |
| title_fullStr | Spatiotemporal Variation and Driving Factors of Carbon Sequestration Rate in Terrestrial Ecosystems of Ningxia, China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatiotemporal Variation and Driving Factors of Carbon Sequestration Rate in Terrestrial Ecosystems of Ningxia, China |
| title_short | Spatiotemporal Variation and Driving Factors of Carbon Sequestration Rate in Terrestrial Ecosystems of Ningxia, China |
| title_sort | spatiotemporal variation and driving factors of carbon sequestration rate in terrestrial ecosystems of ningxia china |
| topic | carbon sequestration rate spatio-temporal Ningxia |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/1/94 |
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