Phytochemical and Bioactivity Evaluation of Bee Pollen and Androecia of <i>Castanea</i>, <i>Salix</i>, and <i>Quercus</i> Species
Qualitative and quantitative differences in the chemical composition between bee pollen originated from <i>Castanea sativa</i> (Türkiye and Slovenia), <i>Salix</i> spp. (Türkiye and Slovenia), and <i>Quercus</i> spp. (Türkiye) and androecia of <i>Castanea sa...
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2024-12-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| author | Nisa Beril Sen Irena Vovk Hasan Kırmızıbekmez Etil Guzelmeric |
| author_facet | Nisa Beril Sen Irena Vovk Hasan Kırmızıbekmez Etil Guzelmeric |
| author_sort | Nisa Beril Sen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Qualitative and quantitative differences in the chemical composition between bee pollen originated from <i>Castanea sativa</i> (Türkiye and Slovenia), <i>Salix</i> spp. (Türkiye and Slovenia), and <i>Quercus</i> spp. (Türkiye) and androecia of <i>Castanea sativa</i>, <i>Salix alba</i>, and <i>Quercus pubescens</i> (apetalous trees) were evaluated for the first time by new high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) methods using marker compounds. <i>N</i><sup>1</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>5</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>10</sup>-tricaffeoylspermidine was isolated, and its structure was elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). It was the main and the marker compound common to bee pollen (≈3–41 mg/g) and androecia (≈3–6 mg/g) samples. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the identification of <i>N</i><sup>1</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>5</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>10</sup>-tricaffeoylspermidine in bee pollen originated from <i>Salix</i> spp. and androecia of <i>C. sativa</i>, <i>S. alba</i>, and <i>Q. pubescens</i>. The botanical origins of bee pollen were determined via phytochemical profiling using HPTLC-image analyses showing that bee pollen from the same botanical source had almost identical profiles regardless of collection location, geographical differences, and the bee race. <i>In vitro</i> tests and HPTLC-effect-directed analyses (EDAs) were performed to assess antioxidant and xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activities of bee pollen, androecia, and <i>N</i><sup>1</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>5</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>10</sup>-tricaffeoylspermidine. HPTLC-EDA combined with image analyses was used for comparing the activities of bee pollen, androecia, <i>N</i><sup>1</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>5</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>10</sup>-tricaffeoylspermidine, and also other marker compounds (quercetin, myricitrin, hyperoside, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, and rutin). The remarkable bioactivity of <i>N</i><sup>1</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>5</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>10</sup>-tricaffeoylspermidine was for the first time evaluated by HPTLC-EDA and <i>in vitro</i> tests. This is the first study performing HPTLC-XO inhibitory activity analyses on the HPTLC NH<sub>2</sub> F<sub>254S</sub> plates. Further bioactivity studies on botanically and chemically well-characterized bee pollen samples are needed to aid in the use of bee pollen-containing supplements in the prevention and treatment of diseases. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b1ca344874354cb0bbb7a3adb212bc05 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj-art-b1ca344874354cb0bbb7a3adb212bc052025-01-24T13:19:16ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212024-12-011414010.3390/antiox14010040Phytochemical and Bioactivity Evaluation of Bee Pollen and Androecia of <i>Castanea</i>, <i>Salix</i>, and <i>Quercus</i> SpeciesNisa Beril Sen0Irena Vovk1Hasan Kırmızıbekmez2Etil Guzelmeric3Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi Cad., Atasehir, 34755 Istanbul, TürkiyeLaboratory for Food Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi Cad., Atasehir, 34755 Istanbul, TürkiyeDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi Cad., Atasehir, 34755 Istanbul, TürkiyeQualitative and quantitative differences in the chemical composition between bee pollen originated from <i>Castanea sativa</i> (Türkiye and Slovenia), <i>Salix</i> spp. (Türkiye and Slovenia), and <i>Quercus</i> spp. (Türkiye) and androecia of <i>Castanea sativa</i>, <i>Salix alba</i>, and <i>Quercus pubescens</i> (apetalous trees) were evaluated for the first time by new high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) methods using marker compounds. <i>N</i><sup>1</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>5</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>10</sup>-tricaffeoylspermidine was isolated, and its structure was elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). It was the main and the marker compound common to bee pollen (≈3–41 mg/g) and androecia (≈3–6 mg/g) samples. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the identification of <i>N</i><sup>1</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>5</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>10</sup>-tricaffeoylspermidine in bee pollen originated from <i>Salix</i> spp. and androecia of <i>C. sativa</i>, <i>S. alba</i>, and <i>Q. pubescens</i>. The botanical origins of bee pollen were determined via phytochemical profiling using HPTLC-image analyses showing that bee pollen from the same botanical source had almost identical profiles regardless of collection location, geographical differences, and the bee race. <i>In vitro</i> tests and HPTLC-effect-directed analyses (EDAs) were performed to assess antioxidant and xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activities of bee pollen, androecia, and <i>N</i><sup>1</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>5</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>10</sup>-tricaffeoylspermidine. HPTLC-EDA combined with image analyses was used for comparing the activities of bee pollen, androecia, <i>N</i><sup>1</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>5</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>10</sup>-tricaffeoylspermidine, and also other marker compounds (quercetin, myricitrin, hyperoside, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, and rutin). The remarkable bioactivity of <i>N</i><sup>1</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>5</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>10</sup>-tricaffeoylspermidine was for the first time evaluated by HPTLC-EDA and <i>in vitro</i> tests. This is the first study performing HPTLC-XO inhibitory activity analyses on the HPTLC NH<sub>2</sub> F<sub>254S</sub> plates. Further bioactivity studies on botanically and chemically well-characterized bee pollen samples are needed to aid in the use of bee pollen-containing supplements in the prevention and treatment of diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/1/40bee pollen<i>N</i><sup>1</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>5</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>10</sup>-tricaffeoylspermidineHPTLCUPLCHPTLC-effect-directed analysesantioxidant activity |
| spellingShingle | Nisa Beril Sen Irena Vovk Hasan Kırmızıbekmez Etil Guzelmeric Phytochemical and Bioactivity Evaluation of Bee Pollen and Androecia of <i>Castanea</i>, <i>Salix</i>, and <i>Quercus</i> Species Antioxidants bee pollen <i>N</i><sup>1</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>5</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>10</sup>-tricaffeoylspermidine HPTLC UPLC HPTLC-effect-directed analyses antioxidant activity |
| title | Phytochemical and Bioactivity Evaluation of Bee Pollen and Androecia of <i>Castanea</i>, <i>Salix</i>, and <i>Quercus</i> Species |
| title_full | Phytochemical and Bioactivity Evaluation of Bee Pollen and Androecia of <i>Castanea</i>, <i>Salix</i>, and <i>Quercus</i> Species |
| title_fullStr | Phytochemical and Bioactivity Evaluation of Bee Pollen and Androecia of <i>Castanea</i>, <i>Salix</i>, and <i>Quercus</i> Species |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phytochemical and Bioactivity Evaluation of Bee Pollen and Androecia of <i>Castanea</i>, <i>Salix</i>, and <i>Quercus</i> Species |
| title_short | Phytochemical and Bioactivity Evaluation of Bee Pollen and Androecia of <i>Castanea</i>, <i>Salix</i>, and <i>Quercus</i> Species |
| title_sort | phytochemical and bioactivity evaluation of bee pollen and androecia of i castanea i i salix i and i quercus i species |
| topic | bee pollen <i>N</i><sup>1</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>5</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>10</sup>-tricaffeoylspermidine HPTLC UPLC HPTLC-effect-directed analyses antioxidant activity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/1/40 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nisaberilsen phytochemicalandbioactivityevaluationofbeepollenandandroeciaoficastaneaiisalixiandiquercusispecies AT irenavovk phytochemicalandbioactivityevaluationofbeepollenandandroeciaoficastaneaiisalixiandiquercusispecies AT hasankırmızıbekmez phytochemicalandbioactivityevaluationofbeepollenandandroeciaoficastaneaiisalixiandiquercusispecies AT etilguzelmeric phytochemicalandbioactivityevaluationofbeepollenandandroeciaoficastaneaiisalixiandiquercusispecies |