Phytochemical and Bioactivity Evaluation of Bee Pollen and Androecia of <i>Castanea</i>, <i>Salix</i>, and <i>Quercus</i> Species
Qualitative and quantitative differences in the chemical composition between bee pollen originated from <i>Castanea sativa</i> (Türkiye and Slovenia), <i>Salix</i> spp. (Türkiye and Slovenia), and <i>Quercus</i> spp. (Türkiye) and androecia of <i>Castanea sa...
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/1/40 |
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| Summary: | Qualitative and quantitative differences in the chemical composition between bee pollen originated from <i>Castanea sativa</i> (Türkiye and Slovenia), <i>Salix</i> spp. (Türkiye and Slovenia), and <i>Quercus</i> spp. (Türkiye) and androecia of <i>Castanea sativa</i>, <i>Salix alba</i>, and <i>Quercus pubescens</i> (apetalous trees) were evaluated for the first time by new high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) methods using marker compounds. <i>N</i><sup>1</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>5</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>10</sup>-tricaffeoylspermidine was isolated, and its structure was elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). It was the main and the marker compound common to bee pollen (≈3–41 mg/g) and androecia (≈3–6 mg/g) samples. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the identification of <i>N</i><sup>1</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>5</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>10</sup>-tricaffeoylspermidine in bee pollen originated from <i>Salix</i> spp. and androecia of <i>C. sativa</i>, <i>S. alba</i>, and <i>Q. pubescens</i>. The botanical origins of bee pollen were determined via phytochemical profiling using HPTLC-image analyses showing that bee pollen from the same botanical source had almost identical profiles regardless of collection location, geographical differences, and the bee race. <i>In vitro</i> tests and HPTLC-effect-directed analyses (EDAs) were performed to assess antioxidant and xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activities of bee pollen, androecia, and <i>N</i><sup>1</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>5</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>10</sup>-tricaffeoylspermidine. HPTLC-EDA combined with image analyses was used for comparing the activities of bee pollen, androecia, <i>N</i><sup>1</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>5</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>10</sup>-tricaffeoylspermidine, and also other marker compounds (quercetin, myricitrin, hyperoside, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, and rutin). The remarkable bioactivity of <i>N</i><sup>1</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>5</sup>,<i>N</i><sup>10</sup>-tricaffeoylspermidine was for the first time evaluated by HPTLC-EDA and <i>in vitro</i> tests. This is the first study performing HPTLC-XO inhibitory activity analyses on the HPTLC NH<sub>2</sub> F<sub>254S</sub> plates. Further bioactivity studies on botanically and chemically well-characterized bee pollen samples are needed to aid in the use of bee pollen-containing supplements in the prevention and treatment of diseases. |
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| ISSN: | 2076-3921 |