Oil palm residue-based cellulose acetate membranes enhanced with zinc oxide and n-methyl pyrrolidinone for batik wastewater treatment
Abstract As the world’s top producers of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), Indonesia and Malaysia are urged to propose a value-added valorization of its lignocellulosic biomass, oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB). Meanwhile, the nations’ signature ‘batik’ textile industries are in dire need of optimum...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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SpringerOpen
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Bioresources and Bioprocessing |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-025-00880-x |
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| author | Belladini Lovely Hasna Amalia Fauziyyah Shendy Krisdayanti Muhamad Zakky Irsyada Lisna Efiyanti Wara Dyah Pita Rengga Novitri Hastuti R. A. Ilyas Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim Victor Feizal Knight |
| author_facet | Belladini Lovely Hasna Amalia Fauziyyah Shendy Krisdayanti Muhamad Zakky Irsyada Lisna Efiyanti Wara Dyah Pita Rengga Novitri Hastuti R. A. Ilyas Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim Victor Feizal Knight |
| author_sort | Belladini Lovely |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract As the world’s top producers of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), Indonesia and Malaysia are urged to propose a value-added valorization of its lignocellulosic biomass, oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB). Meanwhile, the nations’ signature ‘batik’ textile industries are in dire need of optimum remediation treatments of their wastewater high in harmful dyes and chemicals. Organic–inorganic hybrid systems of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) for heavy metals removal were prepared using OPEFB-based cellulose acetate (CA) and zinc oxide (ZnO; 0.5, 0.75, 1%, w/v) in N-methyl pyrrolidinone (NMP; 89, 90, 91%, v/v). The high crystallinity (62.42%) and fibrils’ web-like structure of OPEFB-CA were confirmed. Microscopic observation of OPEFB CA-NMP-ZnO membranes evidenced the porous yet smooth surface due to the use of plasticizing NMP, as well as uniform dispersion of ZnO particles. MMM 2 (0.75%ZnO; 90%NMP) was the best-performing membrane mechanically with excellent tensile strength (1.78 MPa), Young’s modulus (0.13 GPa), and elongation-at-break (2.59%), while thermal stability (Td,5%, 291 °C) improvement was also highlighted. Pores characteristics on size, volume, and surface area were discussed, too. Remediation performance was excellent even at high (20%) effluent concentration reaching 28% and 65% removal of Cu and Pb, respectively, by MMM 1 (0.5%ZnO; 89%NMP). These findings confirmed the promising prospect of the developed membranes as a wastewater remediation treatment, including in textile industries. Graphical Abstract |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-aefaee3cb2ce46cd94cbfa10dcf16749 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2197-4365 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Bioresources and Bioprocessing |
| spelling | doaj-art-aefaee3cb2ce46cd94cbfa10dcf167492025-08-20T02:10:33ZengSpringerOpenBioresources and Bioprocessing2197-43652025-06-0112111710.1186/s40643-025-00880-xOil palm residue-based cellulose acetate membranes enhanced with zinc oxide and n-methyl pyrrolidinone for batik wastewater treatmentBelladini Lovely0Hasna Amalia Fauziyyah1Shendy Krisdayanti2Muhamad Zakky Irsyada3Lisna Efiyanti4Wara Dyah Pita Rengga5Novitri Hastuti6R. A. Ilyas7Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim8Victor Feizal Knight9Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Negeri SemarangDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Negeri SemarangDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Negeri SemarangResearch Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Negeri SemarangResearch Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MalaysiaResearch Centre for Chemical Defence, Defence Research Institute (DRI), Universiti Pertahanan Nasional MalaysiaResearch Centre for Chemical Defence, Defence Research Institute (DRI), Universiti Pertahanan Nasional MalaysiaAbstract As the world’s top producers of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), Indonesia and Malaysia are urged to propose a value-added valorization of its lignocellulosic biomass, oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB). Meanwhile, the nations’ signature ‘batik’ textile industries are in dire need of optimum remediation treatments of their wastewater high in harmful dyes and chemicals. Organic–inorganic hybrid systems of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) for heavy metals removal were prepared using OPEFB-based cellulose acetate (CA) and zinc oxide (ZnO; 0.5, 0.75, 1%, w/v) in N-methyl pyrrolidinone (NMP; 89, 90, 91%, v/v). The high crystallinity (62.42%) and fibrils’ web-like structure of OPEFB-CA were confirmed. Microscopic observation of OPEFB CA-NMP-ZnO membranes evidenced the porous yet smooth surface due to the use of plasticizing NMP, as well as uniform dispersion of ZnO particles. MMM 2 (0.75%ZnO; 90%NMP) was the best-performing membrane mechanically with excellent tensile strength (1.78 MPa), Young’s modulus (0.13 GPa), and elongation-at-break (2.59%), while thermal stability (Td,5%, 291 °C) improvement was also highlighted. Pores characteristics on size, volume, and surface area were discussed, too. Remediation performance was excellent even at high (20%) effluent concentration reaching 28% and 65% removal of Cu and Pb, respectively, by MMM 1 (0.5%ZnO; 89%NMP). These findings confirmed the promising prospect of the developed membranes as a wastewater remediation treatment, including in textile industries. Graphical Abstracthttps://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-025-00880-xOil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB)MembraneCellulose acetateZinc oxide (ZnO)N-methyl pyrrolidinone (NMP)Remediation |
| spellingShingle | Belladini Lovely Hasna Amalia Fauziyyah Shendy Krisdayanti Muhamad Zakky Irsyada Lisna Efiyanti Wara Dyah Pita Rengga Novitri Hastuti R. A. Ilyas Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim Victor Feizal Knight Oil palm residue-based cellulose acetate membranes enhanced with zinc oxide and n-methyl pyrrolidinone for batik wastewater treatment Bioresources and Bioprocessing Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) Membrane Cellulose acetate Zinc oxide (ZnO) N-methyl pyrrolidinone (NMP) Remediation |
| title | Oil palm residue-based cellulose acetate membranes enhanced with zinc oxide and n-methyl pyrrolidinone for batik wastewater treatment |
| title_full | Oil palm residue-based cellulose acetate membranes enhanced with zinc oxide and n-methyl pyrrolidinone for batik wastewater treatment |
| title_fullStr | Oil palm residue-based cellulose acetate membranes enhanced with zinc oxide and n-methyl pyrrolidinone for batik wastewater treatment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Oil palm residue-based cellulose acetate membranes enhanced with zinc oxide and n-methyl pyrrolidinone for batik wastewater treatment |
| title_short | Oil palm residue-based cellulose acetate membranes enhanced with zinc oxide and n-methyl pyrrolidinone for batik wastewater treatment |
| title_sort | oil palm residue based cellulose acetate membranes enhanced with zinc oxide and n methyl pyrrolidinone for batik wastewater treatment |
| topic | Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) Membrane Cellulose acetate Zinc oxide (ZnO) N-methyl pyrrolidinone (NMP) Remediation |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-025-00880-x |
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