Delayed Viral Clearance Accompanied by Early Impaired Humoral and Virus-Specific T-Cell Response in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Interstitial Lung Disease
Objectives: Patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are at high risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019. It is unclear whether anti-viral cellular and humoral immunity is impacted in patients with ILD in the presence of...
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| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/6/655 |
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| author | Jiaying Zhong Juan Li Rui Wei Bingpeng Guo Tingting Cui Peiyu Huang Zhongfang Wang Qun Luo Qian Han |
| author_facet | Jiaying Zhong Juan Li Rui Wei Bingpeng Guo Tingting Cui Peiyu Huang Zhongfang Wang Qun Luo Qian Han |
| author_sort | Jiaying Zhong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objectives: Patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are at high risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019. It is unclear whether anti-viral cellular and humoral immunity is impacted in patients with ILD in the presence of immune disorders and immunosuppressive therapy. This results in poor control of viral infections following SARS-CoV-2 infection. We aimed to highlight the clinical management of patients with ILD with regard to the adjustment of anti-inflammatory therapy during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: We compared viral clearance, antibody levels, and T-cell immune response between healthy controls and patients with connective tissue disease-related ILD (CTD-ILD) or interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF). Results: Patients with ILD exhibited a higher viral load than the control group (1.58 × 10<sup>6</sup> vs. 2.37 × 10<sup>3</sup> copies/mL, <i>p</i> = 0.018), as well as a significantly lower level of neutralizing antibodies against the wild-type (WT) virus (7.01 vs. 625.6, <i>p</i> < 0.0001) and Omicron BA.5 (7.19 vs. 128.4, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Similarly, a lower virus-specific T-cell (VST) immune response was observed 14 days post-symptom onset in the ILD group (CD4<sup>+</sup> VSTs: 0.018 vs. 0.082, <i>p</i> = 0.005; CD8<sup>+</sup> VSTs: 0.0008 vs. 0.047, <i>p</i> = 0.004). The ILD group had no other heightened inflammatory biomarkers compared with the control group. Conclusions: Our study provides novel evidence of the underlying interaction between virus clearance and host immune status and sheds light on the clinical management of patients with ILD with regard to the adjustment of anti-inflammatory therapy during SARS-CoV-2 infection. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-aec00e34b98a45c097fbb2bb9371f1e4 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj-art-aec00e34b98a45c097fbb2bb9371f1e42025-08-20T03:32:28ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2025-06-0113665510.3390/vaccines13060655Delayed Viral Clearance Accompanied by Early Impaired Humoral and Virus-Specific T-Cell Response in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Interstitial Lung DiseaseJiaying Zhong0Juan Li1Rui Wei2Bingpeng Guo3Tingting Cui4Peiyu Huang5Zhongfang Wang6Qun Luo7Qian Han8State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, ChinaObjectives: Patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are at high risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019. It is unclear whether anti-viral cellular and humoral immunity is impacted in patients with ILD in the presence of immune disorders and immunosuppressive therapy. This results in poor control of viral infections following SARS-CoV-2 infection. We aimed to highlight the clinical management of patients with ILD with regard to the adjustment of anti-inflammatory therapy during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: We compared viral clearance, antibody levels, and T-cell immune response between healthy controls and patients with connective tissue disease-related ILD (CTD-ILD) or interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF). Results: Patients with ILD exhibited a higher viral load than the control group (1.58 × 10<sup>6</sup> vs. 2.37 × 10<sup>3</sup> copies/mL, <i>p</i> = 0.018), as well as a significantly lower level of neutralizing antibodies against the wild-type (WT) virus (7.01 vs. 625.6, <i>p</i> < 0.0001) and Omicron BA.5 (7.19 vs. 128.4, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Similarly, a lower virus-specific T-cell (VST) immune response was observed 14 days post-symptom onset in the ILD group (CD4<sup>+</sup> VSTs: 0.018 vs. 0.082, <i>p</i> = 0.005; CD8<sup>+</sup> VSTs: 0.0008 vs. 0.047, <i>p</i> = 0.004). The ILD group had no other heightened inflammatory biomarkers compared with the control group. Conclusions: Our study provides novel evidence of the underlying interaction between virus clearance and host immune status and sheds light on the clinical management of patients with ILD with regard to the adjustment of anti-inflammatory therapy during SARS-CoV-2 infection.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/6/655COVID-19interstitial lung diseaseSARS-CoV-2virus-specific T-cell immune responseneutralizing antibodies |
| spellingShingle | Jiaying Zhong Juan Li Rui Wei Bingpeng Guo Tingting Cui Peiyu Huang Zhongfang Wang Qun Luo Qian Han Delayed Viral Clearance Accompanied by Early Impaired Humoral and Virus-Specific T-Cell Response in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Interstitial Lung Disease Vaccines COVID-19 interstitial lung disease SARS-CoV-2 virus-specific T-cell immune response neutralizing antibodies |
| title | Delayed Viral Clearance Accompanied by Early Impaired Humoral and Virus-Specific T-Cell Response in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Interstitial Lung Disease |
| title_full | Delayed Viral Clearance Accompanied by Early Impaired Humoral and Virus-Specific T-Cell Response in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Interstitial Lung Disease |
| title_fullStr | Delayed Viral Clearance Accompanied by Early Impaired Humoral and Virus-Specific T-Cell Response in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Interstitial Lung Disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | Delayed Viral Clearance Accompanied by Early Impaired Humoral and Virus-Specific T-Cell Response in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Interstitial Lung Disease |
| title_short | Delayed Viral Clearance Accompanied by Early Impaired Humoral and Virus-Specific T-Cell Response in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Interstitial Lung Disease |
| title_sort | delayed viral clearance accompanied by early impaired humoral and virus specific t cell response in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and interstitial lung disease |
| topic | COVID-19 interstitial lung disease SARS-CoV-2 virus-specific T-cell immune response neutralizing antibodies |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/6/655 |
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