Factors associated with the formation of neutralizing antibodies post-vaccination: a lesson from COVID-19 vaccination
Aim: This study aims to identify the factors affecting the formation of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in healthy adults four weeks post-COVID-19 vaccination. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among mass vaccination attendees using inactivated CoronaVac. Collected the peripheral blood s...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Open Exploration Publishing Inc.
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Exploration of Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A1003180/1003180.pdf |
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| author | Hana Ratnawati Fen Tih Grace Puspasari Allen A. Pelapelapon Steven Felim |
| author_facet | Hana Ratnawati Fen Tih Grace Puspasari Allen A. Pelapelapon Steven Felim |
| author_sort | Hana Ratnawati |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Aim: This study aims to identify the factors affecting the formation of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in healthy adults four weeks post-COVID-19 vaccination. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among mass vaccination attendees using inactivated CoronaVac. Collected the peripheral blood serum four weeks following the second vaccine dose. Forty-four adults aged 26–85 were split into two groups based on age (≤ 60 years and > 60 years) and BMI (non-obese ≤ 25 kg/m2 and obese > 25 kg/m2). Variables like age, gender, BMI, and the presence of comorbidities were recorded. CD4/CD8 ratio and vitamin D levels were examined for their influence on NAbs formation. NAbs were measured using ELISA, T-cells via flow cytometry, and vitamin D through radioimmunoassay. Descriptive data analysis was performed as mean ± standard deviation to show the characteristics of the sample. Students’ t-tests and multivariate and univariate regression analyses were used to evaluate the data. Results: Significant variations in NAbs levels were observed with age (P = 0.013), BMI (P = 0.004), and comorbidities (P = 0.034). The elderly demonstrated higher NAb levels, potentially due to the high vitamin D levels compared to the adult group. The vitamin D levels strongly correlated with NAb titer (P < 0.001; R = 0.843). A collective correlation was found between NAb levels and the factors of age, BMI, and CD4/CD8 ratio (P = 0.033). A negative correlation existed between BMI and NAb levels (P = 0.018; R = –0.356) and between age and the CD4/CD8 ratio (P = 0.440; R = –0.119), but age alone did not correlate with NAb titer. Conclusions: Age, BMI, CD4/CD8 ratio, and comorbidities influence the production of post-vaccination NAbs. Sufficient vitamin D levels in the elderly significantly boost post-vaccination NAb levels. Maintaining a healthy body weight is also vital, as studies have revealed a significant and negative correlation between BMI and the level of NAbs, suggesting a possible need for adjusted vaccine doses in obese individuals. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ad733207921a4d15befacc8d931d4775 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2768-6655 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Open Exploration Publishing Inc. |
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| series | Exploration of Immunology |
| spelling | doaj-art-ad733207921a4d15befacc8d931d47752025-01-26T08:32:27ZengOpen Exploration Publishing Inc.Exploration of Immunology2768-66552025-01-015100318010.37349/ei.2025.1003180Factors associated with the formation of neutralizing antibodies post-vaccination: a lesson from COVID-19 vaccinationHana Ratnawati0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2795-4528Fen Tih1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1280-9969Grace Puspasari2Allen A. Pelapelapon3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6517-2602Steven Felim4Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung 40164, IndonesiaDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung 40164, IndonesiaDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung 40164, IndonesiaDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung 40164, IndonesiaDental and Oral Hospital (RSGM) Maranatha, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung 40164, IndonesiaAim: This study aims to identify the factors affecting the formation of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in healthy adults four weeks post-COVID-19 vaccination. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among mass vaccination attendees using inactivated CoronaVac. Collected the peripheral blood serum four weeks following the second vaccine dose. Forty-four adults aged 26–85 were split into two groups based on age (≤ 60 years and > 60 years) and BMI (non-obese ≤ 25 kg/m2 and obese > 25 kg/m2). Variables like age, gender, BMI, and the presence of comorbidities were recorded. CD4/CD8 ratio and vitamin D levels were examined for their influence on NAbs formation. NAbs were measured using ELISA, T-cells via flow cytometry, and vitamin D through radioimmunoassay. Descriptive data analysis was performed as mean ± standard deviation to show the characteristics of the sample. Students’ t-tests and multivariate and univariate regression analyses were used to evaluate the data. Results: Significant variations in NAbs levels were observed with age (P = 0.013), BMI (P = 0.004), and comorbidities (P = 0.034). The elderly demonstrated higher NAb levels, potentially due to the high vitamin D levels compared to the adult group. The vitamin D levels strongly correlated with NAb titer (P < 0.001; R = 0.843). A collective correlation was found between NAb levels and the factors of age, BMI, and CD4/CD8 ratio (P = 0.033). A negative correlation existed between BMI and NAb levels (P = 0.018; R = –0.356) and between age and the CD4/CD8 ratio (P = 0.440; R = –0.119), but age alone did not correlate with NAb titer. Conclusions: Age, BMI, CD4/CD8 ratio, and comorbidities influence the production of post-vaccination NAbs. Sufficient vitamin D levels in the elderly significantly boost post-vaccination NAb levels. Maintaining a healthy body weight is also vital, as studies have revealed a significant and negative correlation between BMI and the level of NAbs, suggesting a possible need for adjusted vaccine doses in obese individuals.https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A1003180/1003180.pdfneutralizing antibodiespost-vaccinationcd4/cd8 ratiovitamin dbody-mass index |
| spellingShingle | Hana Ratnawati Fen Tih Grace Puspasari Allen A. Pelapelapon Steven Felim Factors associated with the formation of neutralizing antibodies post-vaccination: a lesson from COVID-19 vaccination Exploration of Immunology neutralizing antibodies post-vaccination cd4/cd8 ratio vitamin d body-mass index |
| title | Factors associated with the formation of neutralizing antibodies post-vaccination: a lesson from COVID-19 vaccination |
| title_full | Factors associated with the formation of neutralizing antibodies post-vaccination: a lesson from COVID-19 vaccination |
| title_fullStr | Factors associated with the formation of neutralizing antibodies post-vaccination: a lesson from COVID-19 vaccination |
| title_full_unstemmed | Factors associated with the formation of neutralizing antibodies post-vaccination: a lesson from COVID-19 vaccination |
| title_short | Factors associated with the formation of neutralizing antibodies post-vaccination: a lesson from COVID-19 vaccination |
| title_sort | factors associated with the formation of neutralizing antibodies post vaccination a lesson from covid 19 vaccination |
| topic | neutralizing antibodies post-vaccination cd4/cd8 ratio vitamin d body-mass index |
| url | https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A1003180/1003180.pdf |
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