Distinct immune responses in people living with HIV following SARS-CoV-2 recovery

Distinct immune responses in people living with HIV following SARS-CoV-2 recovery

Abstract Background SARS-CoV-2 infection results in greater disease severity among immunocompromised individuals compared to healthy individuals. However, there is conflicting information about the impact of chronic HIV infection on immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Method We...

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Main Authors: Dieter Mielke, Shuying Sue Li, Daniel J. Schuster, Xiaohong Li, Jiani Hu, Shelly Karuna, Kelly E. Seaton, Caroline Brackett, Brooke Dunn, Taylor Keyes, Adam Zalaquett, Sherry Stanfield-Oakley, Lu Zhang, Martina S. Wesley, Nathan Eisel, Nicole L. Yates, Xiaoying Shen, Lakshmanane Premkumar, Russell St. Germain, Anton M. Sholukh, Kristen Cohen, Stephen de Rosa, April Kaur Randhawa, John A. Hural, Lawrence Corey, M. Julianna McElrath, Georgia D. Tomaras, Ollivier Hyrien, Guido Ferrari
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-04-01
Series:Communications Medicine
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s43856-025-00839-1
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Summary:Abstract Background SARS-CoV-2 infection results in greater disease severity among immunocompromised individuals compared to healthy individuals. However, there is conflicting information about the impact of chronic HIV infection on immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Method We used a combination of machine learning approaches and network analysis to explore 56 immune markers and comprehensively profile humoral and cellular immunity in a cross-sectional observational cohort of people without HIV (PWOH; n = 216) and people living with HIV (PLWH; n = 43) who recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection (13–131 days since SARS-COV-2 diagnosis) early in the pandemic. Results PLWH recovered from symptomatic outpatient COVID-19 exhibit lower humoral and B cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vs. PWOH but, surprisingly, both symptomatic outpatient and hospitalized PLWH have higher anti-endemic coronavirus antibody responses compared to PWOH counterparts and asymptomatic PLWH. The latter observation suggests that this was not strictly due to broadly elevated levels of anti-endemic coronavirus antibodies in PLWH. Moreover, correlation-based analysis reveals that while different compartments of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection are positively correlated in PWOH recovered from symptomatic outpatient COVID-19, these correlations are weaker in PLWH. Conclusion Our analyses reveal significant differences in the coordinated immune responses elicited by infection in PLWH compared to PWOH.
ISSN:2730-664X

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