Developments in Toxicity Testing with Duckweeds
Duckweeds are a family of small floating macrophytes (the Lemnaceae) that inhabit quiet freshwaters worldwide. They have long been employed to determine toxicity to higher plants in the aquatic environment, and standardized national and international protocols have been developed for this purpose us...
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MDPI AG
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Journal of Xenobiotics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2039-4713/15/2/48 |
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| author | Paul Ziegler |
| author_facet | Paul Ziegler |
| author_sort | Paul Ziegler |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Duckweeds are a family of small floating macrophytes (the Lemnaceae) that inhabit quiet freshwaters worldwide. They have long been employed to determine toxicity to higher plants in the aquatic environment, and standardized national and international protocols have been developed for this purpose using two representative species. While these protocols, which assess the growth of the leaf-like fronds of the tested duckweed, are indeed suitable and still frequently used for detecting the toxicity of water-borne substances to aquatic higher plant life, they are cumbersome and lengthy, determine endpoints rather than depict toxicity timelines, and provide no information as to the mechanisms involved in the indicated toxicity. Progress has been made in downscaling, shortening and improving the standardized assay procedures, and the use of alternative duckweed species, protocols and endpoints for detecting toxicity has been explored. Biomarkers of toxic effect have long been determined concomitantly with testing for toxicity itself, and their potential for the assessment of toxicity has recently been greatly expanded by transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic techniques complemented by FITR spectroscopy, transformation and genotoxicity and timescale toxicity testing. Improved modern biomarker analysis can help to both better understand the mechanisms underlying toxicity and facilitate the identification of unknown toxins. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a9b71084a11b4d0889a52b11fbe7b163 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2039-4705 2039-4713 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Xenobiotics |
| spelling | doaj-art-a9b71084a11b4d0889a52b11fbe7b1632025-08-20T03:13:45ZengMDPI AGJournal of Xenobiotics2039-47052039-47132025-03-011524810.3390/jox15020048Developments in Toxicity Testing with DuckweedsPaul Ziegler0Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, GermanyDuckweeds are a family of small floating macrophytes (the Lemnaceae) that inhabit quiet freshwaters worldwide. They have long been employed to determine toxicity to higher plants in the aquatic environment, and standardized national and international protocols have been developed for this purpose using two representative species. While these protocols, which assess the growth of the leaf-like fronds of the tested duckweed, are indeed suitable and still frequently used for detecting the toxicity of water-borne substances to aquatic higher plant life, they are cumbersome and lengthy, determine endpoints rather than depict toxicity timelines, and provide no information as to the mechanisms involved in the indicated toxicity. Progress has been made in downscaling, shortening and improving the standardized assay procedures, and the use of alternative duckweed species, protocols and endpoints for detecting toxicity has been explored. Biomarkers of toxic effect have long been determined concomitantly with testing for toxicity itself, and their potential for the assessment of toxicity has recently been greatly expanded by transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic techniques complemented by FITR spectroscopy, transformation and genotoxicity and timescale toxicity testing. Improved modern biomarker analysis can help to both better understand the mechanisms underlying toxicity and facilitate the identification of unknown toxins.https://www.mdpi.com/2039-4713/15/2/48duckweedstoxicity testsbiomarkers |
| spellingShingle | Paul Ziegler Developments in Toxicity Testing with Duckweeds Journal of Xenobiotics duckweeds toxicity tests biomarkers |
| title | Developments in Toxicity Testing with Duckweeds |
| title_full | Developments in Toxicity Testing with Duckweeds |
| title_fullStr | Developments in Toxicity Testing with Duckweeds |
| title_full_unstemmed | Developments in Toxicity Testing with Duckweeds |
| title_short | Developments in Toxicity Testing with Duckweeds |
| title_sort | developments in toxicity testing with duckweeds |
| topic | duckweeds toxicity tests biomarkers |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2039-4713/15/2/48 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT paulziegler developmentsintoxicitytestingwithduckweeds |