Analysis of mechanical properties and energy evolution mechanism of frozen calcareous clay under multi-factor interaction
Abstract Research investigating the complex mechanical properties and energy evolution mechanisms of frozen calcareous clay under the influence of multiple factors is crucial for optimizing the artificial ground freezing method in shaft sinking, thereby enhancing construction quality and safety. In...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-85839-w |
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| author | Jihao Feng Hao Shi Chuanxin Rong Lei Song Wei Long Jianpeng Liu Di Wei Gangjian An |
| author_facet | Jihao Feng Hao Shi Chuanxin Rong Lei Song Wei Long Jianpeng Liu Di Wei Gangjian An |
| author_sort | Jihao Feng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Research investigating the complex mechanical properties and energy evolution mechanisms of frozen calcareous clay under the influence of multiple factors is crucial for optimizing the artificial ground freezing method in shaft sinking, thereby enhancing construction quality and safety. In this study, a four-factor, four-level orthogonal test was devised, taking into account temperature, confining pressure, dry density, and water content. The complex nonlinear curvilinear relationship between deviatoric stress, volume strain, and axial strain of frozen calcareous clay under different interaction levels was analyzed. The sensitivity of each factor to the peak volume strain was explored, and the energy evolution mechanism of frozen calcareous clay during the triaxial compression process was analyzed. The findings are summarized as follows: (1) The deviatoric stress-axial strain curves demonstrate the strain-hardening characteristics of frozen calcareous clay specimens. Furthermore, as temperature decreases, the hardening degree increases. (2) Sensitivity analysis indicates that the factors’ influence on peak volumetric strain ranks as follows: dry density > confining pressure > temperature > water content. Under the various interactions, specimens exhibit significant volumetric shrinkage. When the temperature remains constant, peak volumetric strain is negatively correlated with dry density but positively correlated with confining pressure. (3) Input energy density, elastic strain energy density, and dissipated energy density of frozen calcareous clay all increase with axial strain. (4) When temperature is held constant, both peak input energy density and peak dissipated energy density rise with increasing confining pressure. Meanwhile, peak elastic strain energy density shows a linear increase with higher confining pressure and lower temperatures. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a9829b524d574d1fad79cd68bb0bb5ab |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
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| spelling | doaj-art-a9829b524d574d1fad79cd68bb0bb5ab2025-01-19T12:22:56ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-01-0115112010.1038/s41598-025-85839-wAnalysis of mechanical properties and energy evolution mechanism of frozen calcareous clay under multi-factor interactionJihao Feng0Hao Shi1Chuanxin Rong2Lei Song3Wei Long4Jianpeng Liu5Di Wei6Gangjian An7School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Science and TechnologySchool of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Science and TechnologySchool of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Science and TechnologyState Key Laboratory for Geomechanics & Deep Underground Engineering, School of Mechanics & Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and TechnologySchool of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Science and TechnologyIdeteck Co., LtdSchool of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Science and TechnologyThe Fourth Engineering Co., LTD, China Railway Fourth BureauAbstract Research investigating the complex mechanical properties and energy evolution mechanisms of frozen calcareous clay under the influence of multiple factors is crucial for optimizing the artificial ground freezing method in shaft sinking, thereby enhancing construction quality and safety. In this study, a four-factor, four-level orthogonal test was devised, taking into account temperature, confining pressure, dry density, and water content. The complex nonlinear curvilinear relationship between deviatoric stress, volume strain, and axial strain of frozen calcareous clay under different interaction levels was analyzed. The sensitivity of each factor to the peak volume strain was explored, and the energy evolution mechanism of frozen calcareous clay during the triaxial compression process was analyzed. The findings are summarized as follows: (1) The deviatoric stress-axial strain curves demonstrate the strain-hardening characteristics of frozen calcareous clay specimens. Furthermore, as temperature decreases, the hardening degree increases. (2) Sensitivity analysis indicates that the factors’ influence on peak volumetric strain ranks as follows: dry density > confining pressure > temperature > water content. Under the various interactions, specimens exhibit significant volumetric shrinkage. When the temperature remains constant, peak volumetric strain is negatively correlated with dry density but positively correlated with confining pressure. (3) Input energy density, elastic strain energy density, and dissipated energy density of frozen calcareous clay all increase with axial strain. (4) When temperature is held constant, both peak input energy density and peak dissipated energy density rise with increasing confining pressure. Meanwhile, peak elastic strain energy density shows a linear increase with higher confining pressure and lower temperatures.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-85839-wFrozen calcareous clayInteractionMechanical propertiesEnergy evolutionElastic strain energy |
| spellingShingle | Jihao Feng Hao Shi Chuanxin Rong Lei Song Wei Long Jianpeng Liu Di Wei Gangjian An Analysis of mechanical properties and energy evolution mechanism of frozen calcareous clay under multi-factor interaction Scientific Reports Frozen calcareous clay Interaction Mechanical properties Energy evolution Elastic strain energy |
| title | Analysis of mechanical properties and energy evolution mechanism of frozen calcareous clay under multi-factor interaction |
| title_full | Analysis of mechanical properties and energy evolution mechanism of frozen calcareous clay under multi-factor interaction |
| title_fullStr | Analysis of mechanical properties and energy evolution mechanism of frozen calcareous clay under multi-factor interaction |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of mechanical properties and energy evolution mechanism of frozen calcareous clay under multi-factor interaction |
| title_short | Analysis of mechanical properties and energy evolution mechanism of frozen calcareous clay under multi-factor interaction |
| title_sort | analysis of mechanical properties and energy evolution mechanism of frozen calcareous clay under multi factor interaction |
| topic | Frozen calcareous clay Interaction Mechanical properties Energy evolution Elastic strain energy |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-85839-w |
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