Modification and experimental validation of the Forrestal-Warren perforation model for high hardness armor steel plates of intermediate thickness
This paper proposes a modification of the Forrestal-Warren perforation model aimed at extending its applicability range to intermediately-thick high-hardness armor steel plates. When impacted by armor-piercing projectiles, these plates tend to fail through adiabatic shear plugging which significantl...
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KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Defence Technology |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214914724002708 |
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| author | Radovan Djurovic Predrag Elek Milos Markovic Dejan Jevtic |
| author_facet | Radovan Djurovic Predrag Elek Milos Markovic Dejan Jevtic |
| author_sort | Radovan Djurovic |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper proposes a modification of the Forrestal-Warren perforation model aimed at extending its applicability range to intermediately-thick high-hardness armor steel plates. When impacted by armor-piercing projectiles, these plates tend to fail through adiabatic shear plugging which significantly reduces their ballistic resistance. To address this effect, an approach for determining effective thickness was defined and incorporated into the predictive model. Ballistic impact tests were performed to assess the modification's validity, in which ARMOX 500T steel plates were subjected to perpendicular impacts from 7.62 × 39 mm steel-cored rounds under various velocities. Frequent target failure by soft plugging was observed, as well as the brittle shatter of the hard steel core. Key properties of the recovered plugs including their mass, length and diameter were measured and reported along with the projectiles' residual velocities. Additionally, independent data from the open literature were included in the analysis for further validation. The original Forrestal-Warren model and the novel effective thickness modification were then used to establish the relationship between impact and residual velocities, as well as to determine the ballistic limit velocity. The comparison revealed that the proposed approach significantly improves the model's accuracy, showing a strong correlation with experimental data and reducing deviations to within a few percent. This enhancement highlights the potential of the effective thickness term, which could also be applied to other predictive models to extend their applicability range. Further exploration into other armor steels and impact conditions is recommended to assess the method's versatility. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a8a978cf957b42cbbdbae67f8a72b2e4 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2214-9147 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. |
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| series | Defence Technology |
| spelling | doaj-art-a8a978cf957b42cbbdbae67f8a72b2e42025-08-20T02:26:27ZengKeAi Communications Co., Ltd.Defence Technology2214-91472025-04-014626728410.1016/j.dt.2024.11.006Modification and experimental validation of the Forrestal-Warren perforation model for high hardness armor steel plates of intermediate thicknessRadovan Djurovic0Predrag Elek1Milos Markovic2Dejan Jevtic3Corresponding author.; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 11120, SerbiaFaculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 11120, SerbiaFaculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 11120, SerbiaFaculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 11120, SerbiaThis paper proposes a modification of the Forrestal-Warren perforation model aimed at extending its applicability range to intermediately-thick high-hardness armor steel plates. When impacted by armor-piercing projectiles, these plates tend to fail through adiabatic shear plugging which significantly reduces their ballistic resistance. To address this effect, an approach for determining effective thickness was defined and incorporated into the predictive model. Ballistic impact tests were performed to assess the modification's validity, in which ARMOX 500T steel plates were subjected to perpendicular impacts from 7.62 × 39 mm steel-cored rounds under various velocities. Frequent target failure by soft plugging was observed, as well as the brittle shatter of the hard steel core. Key properties of the recovered plugs including their mass, length and diameter were measured and reported along with the projectiles' residual velocities. Additionally, independent data from the open literature were included in the analysis for further validation. The original Forrestal-Warren model and the novel effective thickness modification were then used to establish the relationship between impact and residual velocities, as well as to determine the ballistic limit velocity. The comparison revealed that the proposed approach significantly improves the model's accuracy, showing a strong correlation with experimental data and reducing deviations to within a few percent. This enhancement highlights the potential of the effective thickness term, which could also be applied to other predictive models to extend their applicability range. Further exploration into other armor steels and impact conditions is recommended to assess the method's versatility.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214914724002708Terminal ballisticsPenetration mechanicsPredictive modelHigh hardness armorExperimental investigation |
| spellingShingle | Radovan Djurovic Predrag Elek Milos Markovic Dejan Jevtic Modification and experimental validation of the Forrestal-Warren perforation model for high hardness armor steel plates of intermediate thickness Defence Technology Terminal ballistics Penetration mechanics Predictive model High hardness armor Experimental investigation |
| title | Modification and experimental validation of the Forrestal-Warren perforation model for high hardness armor steel plates of intermediate thickness |
| title_full | Modification and experimental validation of the Forrestal-Warren perforation model for high hardness armor steel plates of intermediate thickness |
| title_fullStr | Modification and experimental validation of the Forrestal-Warren perforation model for high hardness armor steel plates of intermediate thickness |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modification and experimental validation of the Forrestal-Warren perforation model for high hardness armor steel plates of intermediate thickness |
| title_short | Modification and experimental validation of the Forrestal-Warren perforation model for high hardness armor steel plates of intermediate thickness |
| title_sort | modification and experimental validation of the forrestal warren perforation model for high hardness armor steel plates of intermediate thickness |
| topic | Terminal ballistics Penetration mechanics Predictive model High hardness armor Experimental investigation |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214914724002708 |
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