Effectiveness of Chemical Management for Broadleaf Weeds in Autumn-Sown Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
IntroductionChickpeas, with 37.8 % of the total production of pulses, ranked first in Iran and produced 168142.5 t.ha-1 in 439872 ha of area harvested. The largest area under cultivation of chickpea is located in Kermanshah, Kurdistan and Lorestan provinces in Iran. Various strategies for weed manag...
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | fas |
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Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2024-12-01
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| Series: | پژوهشهای حبوبات ایران |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_46103_8cb60d45bca544e825642c0bfadeee35.pdf |
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| Summary: | IntroductionChickpeas, with 37.8 % of the total production of pulses, ranked first in Iran and produced 168142.5 t.ha-1 in 439872 ha of area harvested. The largest area under cultivation of chickpea is located in Kermanshah, Kurdistan and Lorestan provinces in Iran. Various strategies for weed management can be used in autumn-sown chickpea, including application of interrow cultivator, crop management (crop rotations) and application of herbicides. Herbicide can be considered as one of the effective measures to reduce weed damage in chickpea. Like other pulses, chickpea is more likely damaged by post (post emergence) herbicides than PRE (pre emergence) herbicides. This indicates the limitations of herbicides, especially post-emergence herbicides for broadleaf weeds in chickpeas. Ccurrently, only few herbicides are recommended for chickpea in Iran. Farmers in Iran prefer to manage weeds, by hand weeding or using cultivator between rows, due to potential risk of herbicide damages, high cost involved in herbicide applications, and limited herbicide options for selective weed control. Considering the wide range of weed species in chickpeas in different regions of Iran, autumn-sown requires herbicides that provide a broader spectrum of weed control. Furthermore, the preventing of weed resistance to herbicides makes it necessary to increase the diversity of herbicides. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to compare new PRE-herbicide (flumioxazin) with different rates as IBS, PRE, and early-post with previously used herbicides, in terms of weed control and subsequently increase grain yield of chickpea. Materials and MethodsThis experiment was carried out in Kermanshah, West Azerbaijan and Hamadan during crop year 2021-2022, Iran. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 12 treatments and four replicates. Treatments included pre-emergence (PRE) application of novagap (aclonifen 600 SC) at 1, 2, 3 and 4 l.ha-1, oxyfluorfen (SC 24%) at 0.7 l.ha-1, clean sheet (flumioxazin, WP 50%) at100 g.ha-1, post-emergence (POST) application of aclonifen at 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 l.ha-1, PRE application of oxyfluorfen at 0.7 l.ha-1+POST application of aclonifen at 1.5 l.ha-1 and hand weeding. 30 days after post-emergence spraying, density and dry weight of weeds per plot were determined and compared with untreated control. At harvesting, grain yield, plant height and dry weight of chickpea was measured per unit area. Variance analysis of chickpea data was also done through SAS software, and then the averages were compared based on Duncan's test (p<0.05). Results and DiscussionAt kermanshah visual evaluation results showed that the highest reduction in weeds (87 to 90%) was observed in PRE application of aclonifen at 2, 3 and 4 l.ha-1 and flumioxazin without any significant difference. In addition, PRE application of aclonifen 2 l.ha-1 had a very good efficiency (91-100%) in reducing the density and dry weight of weeds of R. rugosum, C. album and C. orientalis. Also, C. intybus and C. oxycantha were controlled by this treatment with a lower percentage (72-81%). The highest grain yields of chickpea in Kermanshah (590.5 to 609 kg.ha-1) was observed in the PRE aclonifen at 2 and 3 l. ha-1 that had no significant difference with hand weeding. At Hamadan, the highest weed control efficiency (95%) found in aclonifen at 2, 3 and 4 l.ha-1, flumioxazin, oxyflourfen and oxyfluorfen + aclonifen. The results in Hamedan showed that flumioxazin, post aclonifen 2.5 l.ha-1 and PRE aclonifen 2, 3 and 4 l.ha-1, oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfen + aclonifen favorably reduced the density of D. Sophia, Alyssum spp. and total weeds. In the visual evaluation, the highest efficiency belonged to aclonifen at 4 l.ha-1, followed by PRE aclonifen at 2 and 3 l. ha-1, flumioxazin and oxyfluorfen + aclonifen. At Hamedan, PRE aclonifen at 2 l. ha-1 and flumioxazin had the highest grain yield of chickpea with 309 and 322 kg.ha-1, respectively, and there was no statistically significant difference with each other and hand weeding treatment. At West Azerbayjan, the highest weed control (84 to 86%) belonged to a PRE application of aclonifen at 3 and 4 l.ha-1 and POST application of aclonifen at 2.5 l.ha-1 that there was no significant difference between them. At West Azerbayjan, after hand weeding, aclonifen 3 l. ha-1 and flumioxazin had the highest grain yield of chickpea with 1251 and 1254 kg.ha-1, respectively. ConclusionsAccording to the results, aclonifen is recommended as a pre-emergence application at 2 to 3 l.ha-1 and flumioxazin at 100 g.ha-1 for the control of broadleaf weeds in rainfed autumn- sown chickpea. |
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| ISSN: | 2980-793X 2783-5367 |