The Effects of Disinfection Byproduct 2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone on the Cyanobacterium <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>: From the Perspectives of Biochemistry and Non-Targeted Metabolomics

The Effects of Disinfection Byproduct 2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone on the Cyanobacterium <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>: From the Perspectives of Biochemistry and Non-Targeted Metabolomics

2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ) is an emerging chlorinated disinfection byproduct (DBP) in bodies of water. However, this compound poses an unknown toxic effect on cyanobacteria. In this study, the toxicological mechanisms of 2,6-DCBQ in <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> (<i>M...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Tianqi Zhang, Zhaoyang Wang, Liang Wu, Chaonan Liu, Liang Meng, Fuxiang Tian, Meifang Hou, Haizhuan Lin, Jing Ye
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-01-01
Series:Toxics
Subjects:
2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone
<i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>
toxic effect
non-targeted metabolomics
water quality criteria
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/1/64
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Summary:2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ) is an emerging chlorinated disinfection byproduct (DBP) in bodies of water. However, this compound poses an unknown toxic effect on cyanobacteria. In this study, the toxicological mechanisms of 2,6-DCBQ in <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> (<i>M. aeruginosa</i>) were investigated through physiological and nontargeted metabolomic assessments. The results show that 2,6-DCBQ inhibited the growth of <i>M. aeruginosa</i>, reduced its photosynthetic pigment and protein contents, increased the levels of reactive oxygen species, damaged the antioxidant defense system, and aggravated the cytomembrane. Meanwhile, 2,6-DCBQ stimulated the production and release of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and altered the transcripts of genes associated with its synthesis (<i>mcyA</i>, <i>mcyD</i>) and transport (<i>mcyH</i>). In addition, nontargeted metabolomics of <i>M. aeruginosa</i> cells exposed to 0.1 mg/L 2,6-DCBQ identified 208 differential metabolites belonging to 10 metabolic pathways and revealed the considerable interference caused by 2,6-DCBQ among ABC transporters, the two-component system, and folate biosynthesis. This study deepens the understanding of the physiological and nontargeted metabolomic responses of <i>M. aeruginosa</i> exposed to 2,6-DCBQ, offers insights into the toxic effect of 2,6-DCBQ on <i>M. aeruginosa</i>, and provides a theoretical basis for the ecological risk assessment of emerging DBPs in accordance with water quality criteria.
ISSN:2305-6304

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