The Global Burden of Emerging and Re-Emerging Orbiviruses in Livestock: An Emphasis on Bluetongue Virus and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus
Bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) are vector-borne orbiviruses that pose an emerging threat to livestock, including cattle and sheep. This review summarizes the global distribution, genetic diversity, and key factors driving their spread along with the existing kn...
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2024-12-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/1/20 |
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| author | Shanta Barua Eaftekhar Ahmed Rana M. Asaduzzaman Prodhan Syeda Hasina Akter Jully Gogoi-Tiwari Subir Sarker Henry Annandale Debbie Eagles Sam Abraham Jasim M. Uddin |
| author_facet | Shanta Barua Eaftekhar Ahmed Rana M. Asaduzzaman Prodhan Syeda Hasina Akter Jully Gogoi-Tiwari Subir Sarker Henry Annandale Debbie Eagles Sam Abraham Jasim M. Uddin |
| author_sort | Shanta Barua |
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| description | Bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) are vector-borne orbiviruses that pose an emerging threat to livestock, including cattle and sheep. This review summarizes the global distribution, genetic diversity, and key factors driving their spread along with the existing knowledge gaps and recommendations to mitigate their impact. Both viruses cause hemorrhagic disease in susceptible ruminants and are commonly reported in tropical and subtropical regions including North America, Asia, Africa, Oceania, and some parts of Europe. The geographical distribution of these viruses, encompassing 27 BTV and 7 EHDV serotypes, has shifted, particularly with the recent invasion of BTV-3, 4, and 8 and EHDV-8 serotypes in Europe. Several factors contribute to the recent spread of these viruses such as the distribution of virulent strains by the movement of temperature-dependent <i>Culicoides</i> vectors into new areas due to rapid climate change, the reassortment of viral strains during mixed infections, and unrestricted global trade. These diseases cause significant economic impacts including morbidity, mortality, reduced production, high management costs, and the disruption of international trade. Effective prevention and control strategies are paramount and rely on vaccination, vector control using insecticides, and the destruction of breeding sites, husbandry practices including the isolation and quarantine of infected hosts, restriction of animal movement, prompt diagnosis and identification of circulating strains, and effective surveillance and monitoring plans such as the pre-export and post-import screening of semen used for artificial insemination. However, challenges remain with intercontinental virus spread, live vaccines, and the failure of inactivated vaccines to produce protective immunity against dissimilar strains. Significant knowledge gaps highlight the need for a better scientific understanding and a strategic plan to ensure healthy livestock and global food security. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a61a0562aee946838bbab5cf4b97e5cd |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj-art-a61a0562aee946838bbab5cf4b97e5cd2025-01-24T13:52:16ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152024-12-011712010.3390/v17010020The Global Burden of Emerging and Re-Emerging Orbiviruses in Livestock: An Emphasis on Bluetongue Virus and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease VirusShanta Barua0Eaftekhar Ahmed Rana1M. Asaduzzaman Prodhan2Syeda Hasina Akter3Jully Gogoi-Tiwari4Subir Sarker5Henry Annandale6Debbie Eagles7Sam Abraham8Jasim M. Uddin9Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Jakir Hossain Road, Khulsi, Chattogram 4225, BangladeshFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Jakir Hossain Road, Khulsi, Chattogram 4225, BangladeshSchool of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, AustraliaSchool of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, AustraliaSchool of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, AustraliaBiomedical Sciences & Molecular Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4814, AustraliaSchool of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, AustraliaAustralian Animal Health Laboratory (AHL), Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), East Geelong, VIC 3219, AustraliaCentre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, AustraliaSchool of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, AustraliaBluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) are vector-borne orbiviruses that pose an emerging threat to livestock, including cattle and sheep. This review summarizes the global distribution, genetic diversity, and key factors driving their spread along with the existing knowledge gaps and recommendations to mitigate their impact. Both viruses cause hemorrhagic disease in susceptible ruminants and are commonly reported in tropical and subtropical regions including North America, Asia, Africa, Oceania, and some parts of Europe. The geographical distribution of these viruses, encompassing 27 BTV and 7 EHDV serotypes, has shifted, particularly with the recent invasion of BTV-3, 4, and 8 and EHDV-8 serotypes in Europe. Several factors contribute to the recent spread of these viruses such as the distribution of virulent strains by the movement of temperature-dependent <i>Culicoides</i> vectors into new areas due to rapid climate change, the reassortment of viral strains during mixed infections, and unrestricted global trade. These diseases cause significant economic impacts including morbidity, mortality, reduced production, high management costs, and the disruption of international trade. Effective prevention and control strategies are paramount and rely on vaccination, vector control using insecticides, and the destruction of breeding sites, husbandry practices including the isolation and quarantine of infected hosts, restriction of animal movement, prompt diagnosis and identification of circulating strains, and effective surveillance and monitoring plans such as the pre-export and post-import screening of semen used for artificial insemination. However, challenges remain with intercontinental virus spread, live vaccines, and the failure of inactivated vaccines to produce protective immunity against dissimilar strains. Significant knowledge gaps highlight the need for a better scientific understanding and a strategic plan to ensure healthy livestock and global food security.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/1/20bluetongue virus (BTV)epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV)climate changevectorsvaccinationbiosecurity |
| spellingShingle | Shanta Barua Eaftekhar Ahmed Rana M. Asaduzzaman Prodhan Syeda Hasina Akter Jully Gogoi-Tiwari Subir Sarker Henry Annandale Debbie Eagles Sam Abraham Jasim M. Uddin The Global Burden of Emerging and Re-Emerging Orbiviruses in Livestock: An Emphasis on Bluetongue Virus and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Viruses bluetongue virus (BTV) epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) climate change vectors vaccination biosecurity |
| title | The Global Burden of Emerging and Re-Emerging Orbiviruses in Livestock: An Emphasis on Bluetongue Virus and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus |
| title_full | The Global Burden of Emerging and Re-Emerging Orbiviruses in Livestock: An Emphasis on Bluetongue Virus and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus |
| title_fullStr | The Global Burden of Emerging and Re-Emerging Orbiviruses in Livestock: An Emphasis on Bluetongue Virus and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Global Burden of Emerging and Re-Emerging Orbiviruses in Livestock: An Emphasis on Bluetongue Virus and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus |
| title_short | The Global Burden of Emerging and Re-Emerging Orbiviruses in Livestock: An Emphasis on Bluetongue Virus and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus |
| title_sort | global burden of emerging and re emerging orbiviruses in livestock an emphasis on bluetongue virus and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus |
| topic | bluetongue virus (BTV) epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) climate change vectors vaccination biosecurity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/1/20 |
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