Hexafluorophosphate additive enables durable seawater oxidation at ampere-level current density

Abstract Direct seawater electrolysis at ampere-level current densities, powered by coastal/offshore renewables, is an attractive avenue for sustainable hydrogen production but is undermined by chloride-induced anode degradation. Here we demonstrate the use of hexafluorophosphate (PF₆⁻) as an electr...

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Main Authors: Xun He, Yongchao Yao, Limei Zhang, Hefeng Wang, Hong Tang, Wenlong Jiang, Yuchun Ren, Jue Nan, Yongsong Luo, Tongwei Wu, Fengming Luo, Bo Tang, Xuping Sun
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-05-01
Series:Nature Communications
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-60413-0
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Summary:Abstract Direct seawater electrolysis at ampere-level current densities, powered by coastal/offshore renewables, is an attractive avenue for sustainable hydrogen production but is undermined by chloride-induced anode degradation. Here we demonstrate the use of hexafluorophosphate (PF₆⁻) as an electrolyte additive to overcome this limitation, achieving prolonged operation for over 5,000 hours at 1 A cm−2 and 2300 hours at 2 A cm−2 using NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) as anode. Together with the experimental findings, PF₆⁻ can intercalate into LDH interlayers and adsorb onto the electrode surface under an applied electric field, blocking Cl⁻ and stabilizing Fe to prevent segregation. The constant-potential molecular dynamics simulations further reveal the accumulation of high surface concentrations of PF6 − on the electrode surface that can effectively exclude Cl−, mitigating corrosion. Our work showcases synchronous interlayer and surface engineering by single non-oxygen anion species to enable Cl− rejection and marks a crucial step forward in seawater electrolysis.
ISSN:2041-1723