Citronellol-functionalized natural silica: a biogenic approach for antifungal and antibacterial material applications
IntroductionNew bioactive hybrid materials to prevent biofilm-induced biodeterioration are a significant challenge in indoor environments, where contaminants from microbial films compromise structural integrity and contribute to air pollution, posing health risks from prolonged exposure to biologica...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Chemistry |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2025.1535787/full |
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| author | Guillermo P. Lopez Guillermo P. Lopez Leyanet Barberia Roque Katerine Igal Katerine Igal Erasmo Gámez Espinosa Erasmo Gámez Espinosa Natalia Bellotti Natalia Bellotti |
| author_facet | Guillermo P. Lopez Guillermo P. Lopez Leyanet Barberia Roque Katerine Igal Katerine Igal Erasmo Gámez Espinosa Erasmo Gámez Espinosa Natalia Bellotti Natalia Bellotti |
| author_sort | Guillermo P. Lopez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | IntroductionNew bioactive hybrid materials to prevent biofilm-induced biodeterioration are a significant challenge in indoor environments, where contaminants from microbial films compromise structural integrity and contribute to air pollution, posing health risks from prolonged exposure to biological agents.MethodsFor the first time, diatomaceous earth or diatomite (Dt) was functionalized with quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) and a biogenic compound, citronellol, to develop a bioactive hybrid material (Dt*QC). The hybrids obtained were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The antifungal and antibacterial activity were assessed by agar diffusion assay, and micro/macro-dilution tests.Results and DiscussionCharacterization confirmed successful functionalization. TGA revealed organic contents of 50.9% with citronellol incorporation reaching 48.1%. SEM-EDS corroborated the incorporation of organic components. FTIR further verified the integration of functional groups while preserving the structural stability of the siliceous framework. Antimicrobial assays revealed a broader range of activity for Dt*QC. For bacterial strains, Dt*QC achieved a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.15 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and demonstrated over 99.9% bacterial reduction, even at lower concentrations. This study highlights a novel approach to developing antimicrobial materials by functionalizing Dt with QAS and citronellol. Overall, these findings underscore the potential of Dt*QC as an advanced antimicrobial material for applications in coatings and preservation systems, offering a sustainable solution to prevent biodeterioration and microbial contamination. |
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| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2296-2646 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Chemistry |
| spelling | doaj-art-a386dec4ff0a40e988ae7bf73387fa692025-01-30T06:22:31ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Chemistry2296-26462025-01-011310.3389/fchem.2025.15357871535787Citronellol-functionalized natural silica: a biogenic approach for antifungal and antibacterial material applicationsGuillermo P. Lopez0Guillermo P. Lopez1Leyanet Barberia Roque2Katerine Igal3Katerine Igal4Erasmo Gámez Espinosa5Erasmo Gámez Espinosa6Natalia Bellotti7Natalia Bellotti8Laboratorio de Recubrimientos antimicrobianos, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología de Pinturas y Recubrimientos-CIDEPINT, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, ArgentinaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas-Universidad Nacional de La Plata-UNLP, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratorio de Recubrimientos antimicrobianos, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología de Pinturas y Recubrimientos-CIDEPINT, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, ArgentinaLaboratorio de Recubrimientos antimicrobianos, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología de Pinturas y Recubrimientos-CIDEPINT, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, ArgentinaFacultad de Ciencias Veterinarias-Universidad Nacional de La Plata-UNLP, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratorio de Recubrimientos antimicrobianos, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología de Pinturas y Recubrimientos-CIDEPINT, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, ArgentinaFacultad de Ciencias Veterinarias-Universidad Nacional de La Plata-UNLP, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratorio de Recubrimientos antimicrobianos, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología de Pinturas y Recubrimientos-CIDEPINT, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, ArgentinaFacultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo-Universidad Nacional de La Plata-UNLP, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaIntroductionNew bioactive hybrid materials to prevent biofilm-induced biodeterioration are a significant challenge in indoor environments, where contaminants from microbial films compromise structural integrity and contribute to air pollution, posing health risks from prolonged exposure to biological agents.MethodsFor the first time, diatomaceous earth or diatomite (Dt) was functionalized with quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) and a biogenic compound, citronellol, to develop a bioactive hybrid material (Dt*QC). The hybrids obtained were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The antifungal and antibacterial activity were assessed by agar diffusion assay, and micro/macro-dilution tests.Results and DiscussionCharacterization confirmed successful functionalization. TGA revealed organic contents of 50.9% with citronellol incorporation reaching 48.1%. SEM-EDS corroborated the incorporation of organic components. FTIR further verified the integration of functional groups while preserving the structural stability of the siliceous framework. Antimicrobial assays revealed a broader range of activity for Dt*QC. For bacterial strains, Dt*QC achieved a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.15 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and demonstrated over 99.9% bacterial reduction, even at lower concentrations. This study highlights a novel approach to developing antimicrobial materials by functionalizing Dt with QAS and citronellol. Overall, these findings underscore the potential of Dt*QC as an advanced antimicrobial material for applications in coatings and preservation systems, offering a sustainable solution to prevent biodeterioration and microbial contamination.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2025.1535787/fulldiatomaceous earthcitronellolfunctionalizationbioactive hybridsterpenoidantifungal |
| spellingShingle | Guillermo P. Lopez Guillermo P. Lopez Leyanet Barberia Roque Katerine Igal Katerine Igal Erasmo Gámez Espinosa Erasmo Gámez Espinosa Natalia Bellotti Natalia Bellotti Citronellol-functionalized natural silica: a biogenic approach for antifungal and antibacterial material applications Frontiers in Chemistry diatomaceous earth citronellol functionalization bioactive hybrids terpenoid antifungal |
| title | Citronellol-functionalized natural silica: a biogenic approach for antifungal and antibacterial material applications |
| title_full | Citronellol-functionalized natural silica: a biogenic approach for antifungal and antibacterial material applications |
| title_fullStr | Citronellol-functionalized natural silica: a biogenic approach for antifungal and antibacterial material applications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Citronellol-functionalized natural silica: a biogenic approach for antifungal and antibacterial material applications |
| title_short | Citronellol-functionalized natural silica: a biogenic approach for antifungal and antibacterial material applications |
| title_sort | citronellol functionalized natural silica a biogenic approach for antifungal and antibacterial material applications |
| topic | diatomaceous earth citronellol functionalization bioactive hybrids terpenoid antifungal |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2025.1535787/full |
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