Arm Propulsion in Front Crawl Stroke
<b>Objectives</b>: This study aims to determine the propulsive force and effective arm area contributed by the propulsion through the dynamic balance (power balance) between drag and propulsive power in swimming crawl performance. <b>Methods</b>: Ten male swimmers participate...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Sports |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/13/1/6 |
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| author | Cristian Romagnoli Vincenzo Bonaiuto Giorgio Gatta |
| author_facet | Cristian Romagnoli Vincenzo Bonaiuto Giorgio Gatta |
| author_sort | Cristian Romagnoli |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Objectives</b>: This study aims to determine the propulsive force and effective arm area contributed by the propulsion through the dynamic balance (power balance) between drag and propulsive power in swimming crawl performance. <b>Methods</b>: Ten male swimmers participated in the study. The athletes conducted the crawl trials at a constant velocity using only the upper limbs. Data were collected using a Spectro instrument to measure the drag and 3D video analysis for kinematic of upper limbs movement. <b>Results</b>: The power balance was confirmed through the Bland–Altman estimation (estimated bias 8.5) and was also demonstrated by a one-way analysis of variance that does not show statistical differences. Subsequently, by applying the power balance, the effective propulsive area could be estimated. The result shows an increase of ~8.5% over the value at the hand area used to verify the power balance. This value appears to be attributable to a percentage of the forearm area to propulsive action. <b>Conclusions</b>: This information will allow athletes and coaches to constantly monitor the propulsive force and power, providing useful data on arm movement and swimming technique. Indeed, deeper knowledge about the athlete’s swimming technique can reduce the possibility of suffering micro-traumas in the elbows and shoulders. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a31434dd911e4ffbbd54061b3ba0decc |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2075-4663 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sports |
| spelling | doaj-art-a31434dd911e4ffbbd54061b3ba0decc2025-01-24T13:49:50ZengMDPI AGSports2075-46632025-01-01131610.3390/sports13010006Arm Propulsion in Front Crawl StrokeCristian Romagnoli0Vincenzo Bonaiuto1Giorgio Gatta2Department of Human Science and Promotion of Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, 00166 Rome, ItalySport Engineering Lab, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, ItalyDepartment for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy<b>Objectives</b>: This study aims to determine the propulsive force and effective arm area contributed by the propulsion through the dynamic balance (power balance) between drag and propulsive power in swimming crawl performance. <b>Methods</b>: Ten male swimmers participated in the study. The athletes conducted the crawl trials at a constant velocity using only the upper limbs. Data were collected using a Spectro instrument to measure the drag and 3D video analysis for kinematic of upper limbs movement. <b>Results</b>: The power balance was confirmed through the Bland–Altman estimation (estimated bias 8.5) and was also demonstrated by a one-way analysis of variance that does not show statistical differences. Subsequently, by applying the power balance, the effective propulsive area could be estimated. The result shows an increase of ~8.5% over the value at the hand area used to verify the power balance. This value appears to be attributable to a percentage of the forearm area to propulsive action. <b>Conclusions</b>: This information will allow athletes and coaches to constantly monitor the propulsive force and power, providing useful data on arm movement and swimming technique. Indeed, deeper knowledge about the athlete’s swimming technique can reduce the possibility of suffering micro-traumas in the elbows and shoulders.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/13/1/6power balancepropulsive forcedrag powerpropulsive power |
| spellingShingle | Cristian Romagnoli Vincenzo Bonaiuto Giorgio Gatta Arm Propulsion in Front Crawl Stroke Sports power balance propulsive force drag power propulsive power |
| title | Arm Propulsion in Front Crawl Stroke |
| title_full | Arm Propulsion in Front Crawl Stroke |
| title_fullStr | Arm Propulsion in Front Crawl Stroke |
| title_full_unstemmed | Arm Propulsion in Front Crawl Stroke |
| title_short | Arm Propulsion in Front Crawl Stroke |
| title_sort | arm propulsion in front crawl stroke |
| topic | power balance propulsive force drag power propulsive power |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/13/1/6 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT cristianromagnoli armpropulsioninfrontcrawlstroke AT vincenzobonaiuto armpropulsioninfrontcrawlstroke AT giorgiogatta armpropulsioninfrontcrawlstroke |