Retrieval of crop traits using PROSAIL-based hybrid radiative transfer model and EnMAP hyperspectral data

Implementing high spectral resolution imaging from the Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP) paved the way for detailed retrieval of agricultural traits for accurate crop monitoring and management. The proposed methodology involves the integration and detailed analysis of Radiative Tran...

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Main Authors: Prachi Singh, Prashant K. Srivastava, Prakash Kumar Jha, Jochem Verrelst, Pashupati Nath Singh, Rajendra Prasad
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-09-01
Series:International Journal of Applied Earth Observations and Geoinformation
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1569843225004169
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author Prachi Singh
Prashant K. Srivastava
Prakash Kumar Jha
Jochem Verrelst
Pashupati Nath Singh
Rajendra Prasad
author_facet Prachi Singh
Prashant K. Srivastava
Prakash Kumar Jha
Jochem Verrelst
Pashupati Nath Singh
Rajendra Prasad
author_sort Prachi Singh
collection DOAJ
description Implementing high spectral resolution imaging from the Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP) paved the way for detailed retrieval of agricultural traits for accurate crop monitoring and management. The proposed methodology involves the integration and detailed analysis of Radiative Transfer Modelling (RTM) with an integrated approach of machine learning (ML) and Active Learning (AL) algorithms for the retrieval of the Leaf Chlorophyll Content (LCC), Carotenoids (Car) and Leaf Area index (LAI) of wheat cropland from the continuous three years of the dataset. Reflectance values of leaf were collected using Analytical Spectral Device (ASD) − Spectroradiometer data ranging from 350-2500 nm and EnMAP satellite hyperspectral data extends spectral data range varies between 420 nm to 1000 nm in the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) of EMR region, and from 900 nm to 2450 nm in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) region for crop parameters mapping for a larger spatial area of Varanasi district, Uttar Pradesh, India. The PROSPECT + SAIL (PROSAIL) RTM was employed to simulate spectral (reflectance) data, and fourteen ML algorithms were assessed for implementation into a hybrid model. Kernel Ridge regression (KRR) was combined with Euclidean-based Diversity (EBD) algorithms to retrieve crop characteristics due to their exceptional accuracy and reduced uncertainty. Spectral profiles were further used to train hybrid models using PCA (Principal Component Analysis) feature selection, and combined techniques (ML + AL) were applied to retrieve LCC, Car, and LAI. Afterwards, biophysical and biochemical spatial large-scale estimation were provided through atmospherically corrected, and noise-removed EnMAP hyperspectral data with the help of a trained and tested hybrid (ML + AL) model and validated with the ground-measured datasets. The performance indicators showed significantly very high values of correlation during calibration (LCC = 0.99, Car = 0.74, and LAI = 0.99) and validation (LCC = 0.66, Car = 0.57, and LAI= 0.88). The work showed that the optimized hybrid (KRR + AL) models customized for EnMAP hyperspectral data can efficiently estimate the wheat biophysical and biochemical parameters in near-real time therefore, expanding this workflow to agricultural fields may enable more effective monitoring and management of wheat crops.
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spelling doaj-art-a21442d096e24bd0b9af6d7ebd7ec4e62025-08-20T03:41:31ZengElsevierInternational Journal of Applied Earth Observations and Geoinformation1569-84322025-09-0114310476910.1016/j.jag.2025.104769Retrieval of crop traits using PROSAIL-based hybrid radiative transfer model and EnMAP hyperspectral dataPrachi Singh0Prashant K. Srivastava1Prakash Kumar Jha2Jochem Verrelst3Pashupati Nath Singh4Rajendra Prasad5Remote Sensing Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS -39762, USARemote Sensing Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Corresponding author.Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS -39762, USAImage Processing Laboratory (IPL), University of Valencia, Valencia, SpainRemote Sensing Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, IndiaDepartment of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, IndiaImplementing high spectral resolution imaging from the Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP) paved the way for detailed retrieval of agricultural traits for accurate crop monitoring and management. The proposed methodology involves the integration and detailed analysis of Radiative Transfer Modelling (RTM) with an integrated approach of machine learning (ML) and Active Learning (AL) algorithms for the retrieval of the Leaf Chlorophyll Content (LCC), Carotenoids (Car) and Leaf Area index (LAI) of wheat cropland from the continuous three years of the dataset. Reflectance values of leaf were collected using Analytical Spectral Device (ASD) − Spectroradiometer data ranging from 350-2500 nm and EnMAP satellite hyperspectral data extends spectral data range varies between 420 nm to 1000 nm in the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) of EMR region, and from 900 nm to 2450 nm in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) region for crop parameters mapping for a larger spatial area of Varanasi district, Uttar Pradesh, India. The PROSPECT + SAIL (PROSAIL) RTM was employed to simulate spectral (reflectance) data, and fourteen ML algorithms were assessed for implementation into a hybrid model. Kernel Ridge regression (KRR) was combined with Euclidean-based Diversity (EBD) algorithms to retrieve crop characteristics due to their exceptional accuracy and reduced uncertainty. Spectral profiles were further used to train hybrid models using PCA (Principal Component Analysis) feature selection, and combined techniques (ML + AL) were applied to retrieve LCC, Car, and LAI. Afterwards, biophysical and biochemical spatial large-scale estimation were provided through atmospherically corrected, and noise-removed EnMAP hyperspectral data with the help of a trained and tested hybrid (ML + AL) model and validated with the ground-measured datasets. The performance indicators showed significantly very high values of correlation during calibration (LCC = 0.99, Car = 0.74, and LAI = 0.99) and validation (LCC = 0.66, Car = 0.57, and LAI= 0.88). The work showed that the optimized hybrid (KRR + AL) models customized for EnMAP hyperspectral data can efficiently estimate the wheat biophysical and biochemical parameters in near-real time therefore, expanding this workflow to agricultural fields may enable more effective monitoring and management of wheat crops.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1569843225004169EnMAPRadiative transfer modelMachine learningHybrid algorithm
spellingShingle Prachi Singh
Prashant K. Srivastava
Prakash Kumar Jha
Jochem Verrelst
Pashupati Nath Singh
Rajendra Prasad
Retrieval of crop traits using PROSAIL-based hybrid radiative transfer model and EnMAP hyperspectral data
International Journal of Applied Earth Observations and Geoinformation
EnMAP
Radiative transfer model
Machine learning
Hybrid algorithm
title Retrieval of crop traits using PROSAIL-based hybrid radiative transfer model and EnMAP hyperspectral data
title_full Retrieval of crop traits using PROSAIL-based hybrid radiative transfer model and EnMAP hyperspectral data
title_fullStr Retrieval of crop traits using PROSAIL-based hybrid radiative transfer model and EnMAP hyperspectral data
title_full_unstemmed Retrieval of crop traits using PROSAIL-based hybrid radiative transfer model and EnMAP hyperspectral data
title_short Retrieval of crop traits using PROSAIL-based hybrid radiative transfer model and EnMAP hyperspectral data
title_sort retrieval of crop traits using prosail based hybrid radiative transfer model and enmap hyperspectral data
topic EnMAP
Radiative transfer model
Machine learning
Hybrid algorithm
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1569843225004169
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