Lipid Antigens: Revealing the Hidden Players in Adaptive Immune Responses
Traditionally, research on the adaptive immune system has focused on protein antigens, but emerging evidence has underscored the essential role of lipid antigens in immune modulation. Lipid antigens are presented by CD1 molecules and activate invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and group 1 CD1-r...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Biomolecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/15/1/84 |
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| author | Tamana Eskandari Yasamin Eivazzadeh Fatemeh Khaleghinia Fatemeh Kashi Valentyn Oksenych Dariush Haghmorad |
| author_facet | Tamana Eskandari Yasamin Eivazzadeh Fatemeh Khaleghinia Fatemeh Kashi Valentyn Oksenych Dariush Haghmorad |
| author_sort | Tamana Eskandari |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Traditionally, research on the adaptive immune system has focused on protein antigens, but emerging evidence has underscored the essential role of lipid antigens in immune modulation. Lipid antigens are presented by CD1 molecules and activate invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and group 1 CD1-restricted T cells, whereby they impact immune responses to pathogens and tumors. Recent advances in mass spectrometry, imaging techniques, and lipidomics have revolutionized the identification and characterization of lipid antigens and enhanced our understanding of their structural diversity and functional significance. These advancements have paved the way for lipid-based vaccines and immunotherapies through the application of nanoparticles and synthetic lipid antigens designed to boost immune responses against cancers and infectious diseases. Lipid trafficking, CD1 molecule interactions, and the immune system’s response to lipid antigens are yet to be completely understood, particularly in the context of autoimmunity and microbial infections. In the years to come, continued research efforts are needed to uncover its underlying biological mechanisms and to exploit the full potential of therapies directed against lipid antigens. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a0ce7d8dab094daea78ffc9abdb64ed8 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2218-273X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomolecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-a0ce7d8dab094daea78ffc9abdb64ed82025-01-24T13:25:07ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2025-01-011518410.3390/biom15010084Lipid Antigens: Revealing the Hidden Players in Adaptive Immune ResponsesTamana Eskandari0Yasamin Eivazzadeh1Fatemeh Khaleghinia2Fatemeh Kashi3Valentyn Oksenych4Dariush Haghmorad5Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, IranStudent Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, IranStudent Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, IranStudent Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, IranFaculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, IranTraditionally, research on the adaptive immune system has focused on protein antigens, but emerging evidence has underscored the essential role of lipid antigens in immune modulation. Lipid antigens are presented by CD1 molecules and activate invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and group 1 CD1-restricted T cells, whereby they impact immune responses to pathogens and tumors. Recent advances in mass spectrometry, imaging techniques, and lipidomics have revolutionized the identification and characterization of lipid antigens and enhanced our understanding of their structural diversity and functional significance. These advancements have paved the way for lipid-based vaccines and immunotherapies through the application of nanoparticles and synthetic lipid antigens designed to boost immune responses against cancers and infectious diseases. Lipid trafficking, CD1 molecule interactions, and the immune system’s response to lipid antigens are yet to be completely understood, particularly in the context of autoimmunity and microbial infections. In the years to come, continued research efforts are needed to uncover its underlying biological mechanisms and to exploit the full potential of therapies directed against lipid antigens.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/15/1/84adaptive immune systemlipid antigennatural killerNKT cellsCD1lipidomics |
| spellingShingle | Tamana Eskandari Yasamin Eivazzadeh Fatemeh Khaleghinia Fatemeh Kashi Valentyn Oksenych Dariush Haghmorad Lipid Antigens: Revealing the Hidden Players in Adaptive Immune Responses Biomolecules adaptive immune system lipid antigen natural killer NKT cells CD1 lipidomics |
| title | Lipid Antigens: Revealing the Hidden Players in Adaptive Immune Responses |
| title_full | Lipid Antigens: Revealing the Hidden Players in Adaptive Immune Responses |
| title_fullStr | Lipid Antigens: Revealing the Hidden Players in Adaptive Immune Responses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lipid Antigens: Revealing the Hidden Players in Adaptive Immune Responses |
| title_short | Lipid Antigens: Revealing the Hidden Players in Adaptive Immune Responses |
| title_sort | lipid antigens revealing the hidden players in adaptive immune responses |
| topic | adaptive immune system lipid antigen natural killer NKT cells CD1 lipidomics |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/15/1/84 |
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